Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Yr 2 - Control > Neuroanatomy 1 SDL > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy 1 SDL Flashcards

1
Q

Define rostral

A

Rostral is taken from the Latin rostrum, to mean towards the nose/beak. Rostral therefore refers to the anterior (front) aspect of the head.

E.g. The forebrain is rostral to the midbrain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define caudal

A

In this context, caudal refers to the posterior (back) of the head.

E.g. The hindbrain is caudal to the midbrain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the cephalic flexure?

A

Where the axis of the adult brain bends at an angle of about 100° between the midbrain and the diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In the spinal cord and brainstem, what does the term ‘dorsal’ mean? What does it mean in the forebrain?

A

Spinal cord and brainstem –> means posterior

Forebrain –> means superior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In which plane would you cut in order to make a transverse section of either brainstem or spinal cord?

A

Horizontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is meant by the following terms in the context of the nervous system?

  • grey matter:
  • white matter:
  • cortex:
  • nucleus:
  • tract:
  • ganglion:
A
  • Grey matter: mainly composed of neuronal cell bodies and unmyelinated axons
  • White matter: mainly composed of myelinated axons
  • Cortex: the cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain, made up primarily of grey matter.
  • Nucleus: cluster of neurons found in the CNS
  • Tract: A nerve tract is a bundle of nerve fibers (axons) connecting nuclei of the central nervous system
  • Ganglion: a cluster of neural bodies outside the central nervous system.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which subdivisions of the brain make up the forebrain or cerebrum?

A

cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which subdivisions of the brain make up the brainstem?

A

midbrain, medulla and pons,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The lobes of the brain

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What cortical landmarks which are used to subdivide the hemisphere into lobes?

A
  • Longitudinal sulcus –> separates right and left hemispheres
  • Central sulcus –> separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe
  • Parieto-occipital sulcus –> separates parietal from occipital lobe
  • Lateral sulcus –> separates temporal lobe from frontal and parieral lobe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Are the cerebral lobes functional or descriptive subdivisions?

A

The lobes of the brain were originally a purely anatomical classification, but have been shown also to be related to different brain functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the functions of the pre- and post-central gyri? And where are they located?

A

Precentral gyrus:

  • Located anterior to central sulcus
  • Function –> primary motor cortex

Postcentral gyrus:

  • Located posterior to central sulcus
  • Function –> primary somatosensory cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the corpus callosum is composed of?

A

The largest fibre bundle in the brain, containing nearly 200 million axons. It is composed of white matter fibre tracts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

Connects the right and left hemispheres - ensures both sides of the brain can communicate and send signals to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Label these structures

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Label these structures

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Is the optic nerve part of the peripheral nervous system or part of the central nervous system?

A

t’s considered to be part of the central nervous system (CNS) as it is derived from an outpouching of the diencephalon during embryonic development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do the 5 secondary vesicles give rise to?

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

Mesencephalon

Metencephalon

Mylencephalon

Olfactory tract

Olfactory bulb

Infundibulum

Optic nerve

Optic chiasm

Mamillary bodies

Cerebral peduncles of the midbrain

Pons

Cerebellum

Medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 3 layers of meninges that enclose the brain and spinal cord?

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the appearance of the dura mater

A

It is thick, tough and inextensible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the appearance of the arachnoid mater

A

spiderweb-like appearance, is a thin, transparent membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the appearance of the pia mater

A

thin, translucent, mesh-like meningeal envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What forms the dura mater in the cranial cavity?

A
  1. Periosteal outer layer lining the inside of the skull
  2. Meningeal fibrous inner layer

Throughout most of the cranial cavity, the two layers are tightly fused together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

At some sites, though, the fibrous inner layer of dura separates from the periosteum to enclose what?

At two such sites of separation, the fibrous inner layer of dura projects into the cranial cavity to form what?

A
  • Enclose blood-filled spaces - the dural venous sinuses - into which flows venous blood from the brain.
  • At two such sites of separation, the fibrous inner layer of dura projects into the cranial cavity to form a dural reflection (sometimes called a fold or septum) which extends into the fissures between the major components of the brain.
25
Q

What is the name of the dural septum that extends down between the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

Falx cerebri:

  • The falx cerebri is a large, crescent-shaped fold of meningeal layer of dura mater that descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain.
26
Q

What is the name of the dural septum that extends between the occipital lobes of the hemispheres and the cerebellum?

A

Tentorium cerebelli:

  • The tentorium cerebelli exists between and separates the cerebellum and brainstem from the occipital lobes of the cerebrum
27
Q

What is the function of the dural septae?

A

To separate the cranial cavity into compartments and protect the brain from displacement

28
Q

Which dural venous sinuses run along the lines of attachment of these two dural folds to the skull?

A
  • The straight, superior, and inferior sagittal sinuses are found in the falx cerebri of the dura mater
    • They converge at the confluence of sinuses
  • The superior petrosal sinuses and the transverse sinuses are found in the tentorium cerebelli
29
Q

Label these structures

A
30
Q

What occupies space A? What is its function?

A

Subdural/subarachnoid space - contains CSF to:

  • Cushion the brain and spinal cord
  • To supply them with nutrients and remove waste

Also, the major arteries of the brain run through the subarachnoid space.

31
Q

What are the arachnoid villi (also called arachnoid granulations) and what is their function?

A

What: Small protrusions of arachnoid mater into the outer membrane of the dura mater

Function: permit one-way flow of CSF from the subarachnoid space to the venous circulation.

32
Q

Which vessel provides the arterial supply to the dura mater? Why is it of great clinical importance?

A

Middle meningeal artery –> susceptible to injury in the pterion which can lead to an epidural haematoma

33
Q

Which two pairs of blood vessels provide the arterial supply to the brain?

A

Vertebral artery and internal carotid artery

34
Q

Describe the course of the vertebral and internal carotid arteries as they ascend to enter the skull.

A

Internal carotid:

  • originate at the bifurcation of the left and right common carotid arteries, at the level of C4
  • move superiorly within the carotid sheath
  • nter the brain via the carotid canal of the temporal bone.

Vertebral:

  • arise from the subclavian arteries
  • ascend the posterior aspect of the neck, through holes in the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae, known as foramen transversarium.
  • enter the cranial cavity via the foramen magnum
35
Q

Identify vessel A and B

A

A - vertebral artery

B - ?

36
Q

Indicate which brain regions are supplied by each pair of vessels (represented by arrowheads). Note that each of these main branches give off small, penetrating branches along their course to supply the internal brain tissue.

A
37
Q

What does the posterior cerebral arteries supply?

A

The posterior aspect of cerebrum

38
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

Supplies lateral portions of cerebrum

39
Q

What do the anterior cerebral arteries supply?

A

Tucks under the midline portion of each cerebral hemisphere to supply its anterior and medial aspect

40
Q

Distribution (territories) of the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries.

A
41
Q

Penetrating arterial branches, arising from around the arterial circle and passing into the substance of the brain, are often referred to as what?

A

Central or perforating arteries

42
Q

Branches arising from the middle cerebral artery are called what?

A

Striate arteries

43
Q

What do these striate arteries supply?

A

These supply structures inside hemisphere:

  • Deep nuclei
  • Deep grey matter (e.g. thalamus)
  • Internal capsule (major fibre bundle to and from cerebral cortex - deep white matter)
    • Supply includes major descending motor pathway
44
Q

Which two sets of veins drain blood from the brain?

A

Superficial and deep veins

45
Q

Where do the superficial veins of the brain run?

A

run over the surface of the hemispheres

46
Q

Where do the majority of the superficial veins drain into?

A

The superior sagittal sinus

47
Q

Where is the superior sagittal sinus located?

A

Lies along the superior edge of the falx cerebri

48
Q

Deep veins converge on the internal cerebral veins which eventually unite to form the what?

A

Great cerebral vein (of Galen)

49
Q

Fill in the missing words in the diagrammatic representation of the venous drainage of the brain

A
50
Q

What are the 3 main types of intracranial haemorrhages (ICH)?

A
  1. Extradural (EDH)
  2. Subdural (SDH)
  3. Subarachnoid (SAH)
51
Q

A rupture of which vessel could lead to an extradural haemorrhage?

A

Middle meningeal artery

52
Q

A rupture of which vessel could lead to a subdural haemorrhage?

A

?

53
Q

A rupture of which vessel could lead to an subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

?

54
Q

Subdural haemorrhage occurs most commonly in older / elderly people. Why?

A

Generalised cerebral atrophy and increased venous fragility

55
Q

What is a “berry” aneurysm? Suggest a few sites at which these might occur.

A

Abnormal dilations around the circle of Willis or at the points of arterial branching within the brain

56
Q

What are the consequences of rupture of a berry aneurysm?

A

Can lead to vascular stroke

57
Q

What is a Cerebrovascular Accident?

A

CVA = stroke

58
Q

How is a CVA caused?

A

These occur when a blood vessel is occluded, and brain tissue becomes infarcted.

59
Q
A

Yr 2 - Control (71 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions