AFL 9

Question 1

A patient presents with reduced facial expression, slower than normal movements, slower than normal walking, and a resting tremor. This disorder can be directly linked to:

Loss of dopaminergic input to the neostriatum

Degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata

Degeneration of the subthalamic nucleus

Loss of inhibitory input from the striatum to the globus pallidus

Answer 1

Loss of dopaminergic input to the neostriatum

Question 2

A patient suffered a vascular accident. Upon scratching the plantar surface of her foot, the physician observed that the great toe dorsiflexed, and the remainder of her toes flared. The previous finding could be an idication of

An UMN lesion

A LMN lesion

A peripheral nerve lesion

An ipsilateral dorsal column lesion

Answer 2

An UMN lesion

Question 3

All of the following have connections with the basal ganglia except:

Brainstem

Cortex

Spinal cord

Thalamus

Answer 3

Spinal cord

Question 4

Anatomically, the subthalamic nucleus is part of the _______

diencephalon

mesencephalon

mylencephalon

telencephalon

Answer 4

diencephalon

Question 5

During the “terminal stance” phase of the gait cycle, the heel starts to lift off the ground. Which two muscles lift the heel from the ground in this phase of the gait cycle?

Extensor digitorum

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Tibialis anterior

Answer 5

NOT gastrocnemius

NOT tibialis anterior

Question 6

Functionally, the globus pallidus _______ and the substantia nigra ______ act together.

externus; pars compacta

externus; pars reticulata

internus; pars compacta

internus; pars reticulata

Answer 6

Internus; pars reticulata

Question 7

Functionally, which of the following structures are part of the basal ganglia? (select all that apply)

Neostriatum

Paleostriatum

Amygdala

Substantia nigra pars reticulata

Answer 7

Neostriatum

Paleostriatum

Substantia nigra pars reticulata

Question 8

In a horizontal brain section, what is the correct order of structures from medial to lateral?

thalamus - internal capsule - putamen - globus pallidus

putamen - globus pallidus - internal capsule - thalamus

thalamus - internal capsule - globus pallidus - putamen

putamen - internal capsule - head of caudate -thalamus

Answer 8

thalamus - internal capsule - globus pallidus - putamen

Question 9

In this horizontal brain slice, the yellow pin is in

the thalamus

the caudate nucleus

the putamen

the globus pallidus

Answer 9

putamen

Question 10

Initiation of the direct pathway causes excitation of the cortex via the:

caudate

globus pallidus

putamen

thalamus

Answer 10

thalamus

Question 11

Nigrostriatal fibres project to:

The caudate nucleus and globus pallidus

The caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus

The putamen and caudate nucleus

The putamen and globus pallidus

Answer 11

The putamen and caudate nucleus

Question 12

The indirect pathway involves an ______ of ______ of the globus pallidus externus from the striatum.

increase; disinhibition

increase; inhibition

decrease; disinhibition

decrease; inhibition

Answer 12

increase, inhibition

Question 13

The lentiform nucleus is directly supplied via the:

Anterior cerebral

Internal carotid

Middle cerebral

Posterior cerebral

Answer 13

middle cerebral

Question 14

The main function of the basal ganglia in relation to movement is:

initiation and control

reflex control

synergy

proprioception

Answer 14

initiation and control

Question 15

The nuclei that form the corpus striatum are derived from the:

diencephalon

mesencephalon

myelencephalon

telencephalon

Answer 15

telencephalon

Question 16

Which nucleus is not part of the basal ganglia?

Caudate

Globus pallidus

Putamen

Thalamus

Answer 16

thalamus

Question 17

A person’s gait pattern can be affected by their: (select all that apply)

age

footwear

height

weight

Answer 17

age

footwear

height

weight

Question 18

Which of the following is considered a hypokinetic movement disorder?

Huntington’s disease

Parkinsons

Hemiballismus

Chorea

Answer 18

Parkinsons

Question 19

Which of the following is true about muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs?

Are osmoreceptors

Transmit proprioceptive information

Transmit vibration information

Are chemoreceptors

Answer 19

Transmit proprioceptive information

Question 20

Which of the following is true about the caudate nucleus and the putamen?

Together are classified as the lentiform nucleus

Together are classified as the neostriatum

act as the efferent nuclei of the basal ganglia

neurons projecting from these structures are always excitatory

Answer 20

Together are classified as the neostriatum

Question 21

Which of the following is true regarding the golgi tendon organ?

Lies in parallel to the muscle fibres

Give rise to 1b afferent fibres

Detect changes in muscle length

Is a chemoreceptor

Answer 21

Give rise to 1b afferent fibres

Question 22

Which of the following is true regarding the inverse myotactic stretch reflex?

there is indirect excitation of the agonist muscle

there is indirect inhibition of the agonist muscle

there is direct inhibition of the agonist muscle

there is direct excitation of the antagonist muscle

Answer 22

there is indirect inhibition of the agonist muscle

Question 23

Which of the following is true regarding the myotactic stretch reflex?

there is indirect excitation of the agonist muscle

there is direct inhibition of the antagonist muscle

there is direct inhibition of the agonist muscle

there is indirect inhibition of the antagonist muscle

Answer 23

there is indirect inhibition of the antagonist muscle

Question 24

Which one of the following muscle groups limits pelvic drop towards the swing side during walking?

Abductors of the stance side

Abductors of the swing side

Adductors of the stance side

Adductors of the swing side

Answer 24

NOT Abductors of the swing side

Question 25

Which of the following signs and symptoms are characteristic of an UMN lesion? (select all that apply)

Brisk reflexes

Spasticity

Inability to perform fine motor tasks

Fasciculations