Neuroanatomy 2 SDL: Brainstem, Cerebellum and Cranial Nerves Flashcards
What are the 5 major subdivisions of the brain?
- Telencephalon
- Diencephalon
- Mesencephalon
- Metencephalon
- Myelencephalon
Which of the five major subdivisions of the brain make up the brainstem?
- Mesencephalon –> midbrain
- Metencephalon –> pons
- Myelencephalon –> medulla
On the diagram of the ventral view of the brainstem, below:
- identify the cranial nerve stumps in yellow and label each nerve with its name and number.
- label the structures indicated by pointers and their function
- Cerebral peduncles:
- Connects the remainder of the brainstem to the thalami. They are paired and contain the large white matter tracts that run to and from the cerebrum
- Motor function
- Connects the remainder of the brainstem to the thalami. They are paired and contain the large white matter tracts that run to and from the cerebrum
- Interpeduncular fossa:
- Separates the two cerebral peduncles
- Olive:
- Contains the inferior olivary nucleus, implicated in motor co-ordination
- Pyramid:
- Contain the motor fibers that pass from the brain to the medulla oblongata and spinal cord
- Decussation of pyramids
- Point at the junction of the medulla and spinal cord where the motor fibres from the medullary pyramids cross the midline.
- The fibres then continue into the spinal cord primarily as the corticospinal tract.
Brainstem location of the:
- Cerebral peduncles
- Interpeduncular fossa
- Basilar groove
- Pyramids
- Pyramidal decussation
- Olives
- Midbrain
- Midbrain
- Pons
- Medulla
- Junction of medulla and spinal cord
- Medulla
What name is given to the ridge that is visible on either side of the ventral midline of the medulla? What fibres is it formed by? What type of information do the fibres carry?
- Medullary pyramids
- Accumulation of descending nerve fibres
- Motor information
What does decussate mean?
Shaped like an X
Where do most of the descending fibres that make up the medullary pyramids cross?
Decussate the midline of the CNS at the caudal end of the medulla –> decussation of pyramids
What structure does the decussation of pyramids partially obliterate?
The anterior median fissure
Label the structures on the following dorsal view of a brainstem. What is their function?
Brainstem location
- Gracile tubercle + gracile fascicle
- Cuneate tubercle + cuneate fascicle
- Inferior cerebellar peduncle
- Middle cerebellar peduncle
- Superior cerebellar peduncle
- Inferior colliculus
- Superior colliculus
- Posterior side of the closed medulla at the floor of the fourth ventricle
- It lies lateral to the gracile tubercle/fascicle in the medulla
- Medulla
- Connect the cerebellum to the pons
- Junction of pons and midbrain
- Midbrain
- Posterior midbrain
In which region(s) of the brainstem is the central canal expanded to form the fourth ventricle?
junction between the pons and medulla oblongata.
What are the distinguishing features of the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata?
- Pyramids
- Olives
- Anterior median fissure separating the pyramids
- Anterolateral sulcus
- Posterolateral sulcus
What are the pyramids of the medulla? What are they separated by?
- Two pyramids - bulges of white matter
- Separated by anterior median fissure.
- Contain descending fibres for motor control.
- Interrupted at the decussation of the pyramids.
What structure is located lateral to the pyramids?
Olives
What separates the olives and the pyramids?
The anterolateral sulcus
Which sulcus is found dorsal to the olives? Which cranial nerves emerge here?
The posterolateral sulcus - CN X and CN IX emerge here
Which cranial nerves emerge at the anterolateral sulcus?
CN XII
What are the distinguishing features of the ventral surface of the pons?
- Cerebellopontine angle
- Pontomedullary junction
- Midline ‘basilar’ groove for basilar artery
What is the cerebellopontine angle? Which cranial nerves emerge here?
Located between the cerebellum and the pons - CN VII and CN VIII emerge here
What is the pontomedullary junction? Which cranial nerves emerge here?
Between the lower border of the pons and the superior border of the medulla - CN VI emerges here (straight, travelling anteriorly)
Where does CN V emerge from?
Cranial nerve V: trigeminal – originates from the lateral aspect of mid pon
What are the distinguishing features of the ventral surface of the midbrain?
- Cerebral peduncles
- Interpeduncular fossa
What are the cerebral peduncles?
- Connect to the cerebrum
- 2 of them –> crus cerebri
- Contain descending and ascending fibres
What is found between the 2 cerebral peduncles?
Interpeduncular fossa
What cranial nerve emerges from the interpeduncular fossa?
CN III
(CN IV also here but moves from dorsal aspect and loops around to ventral aspect)
What shape is the derivative of the central canal of the neural tube at each level of the brainstem?
- Cerebral aqueduct drains CSF from 3rd to the 4th ventricle, spanning pons and open medulla until it becomes the central canal, continuous with the spinal cord.
- Obex is where the central canal opens into the fourth ventricle
Where does the central canal open into the 4th ventricle?
Obex
The following outlines are transverse sections through different brainstem levels. What brainstem levels are these?
What is their ascending order (including E from the next page)
A: Caudal pons
B: Midbrain
C: Open/rostral medulla
D: Rostral pons
E, C, A, D, B
This outline is a transverse sectiona through which brainstem level?
E
What is the cerebellum primarily involved in?
Primarily involved in the coordination of movement, and in the maintenance of balance and posture
Where is the cerebellum found?
It is found below the occipital lobes of the telencephalon, separated from it by the tentorium cerebelli. Located posterior to the brainstem.
how is the cerebellum connected to the brainstem?
Via three paired cerebellar peduncles.
On the diagram below, label the structures of the cerebellum (superior and ventral views).
Are “peduncles” white matter or grey matter structures?
White matter
To which region of the brainstem does each cerebellar peduncle connect?
Midbrain
- Which vessels provide the arterial supply to the cerebellum?
- Are they part of the anterior system of vessels (internal carotid system and its branches) or part of the posterior system (vertebral-basilar system and its branches) to the brain?
The cerebellum is mainly supplied by the following three long cerebellar arteries arising from either the vertebral or basilar artery:
- the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
- the superior cerebellar artery (SCA)
- the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA).
Part of the posterior system (vertebral-basilar system and its branches)
List the major functions of the cerebellum.
- Receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements.
- Coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity.
Patients with cerebellar damage may display abnormal signs including past-pointing, intention tremor and dysdiadochokinesis.
What do each of these terms mean?
- Past pointing: The inability to place a finger or some other part of the body accurately on a selected point
- Intention tremor: Produced with purposeful movement toward a target, such as lifting a finger to touch the nose.
- Inability to execute rapidly alternating movements, particularly of the limbs e.g. pronating and supinating the forearm
How can dysdiadochokinesis be demonstrated at clinical examination?
by asking the patient to pronate and supinate an arm at speed, with a tap on the opposite forearm at the extremes of movement.
How can intention tremor be clinically examined?
In a finger-to-nose test, a physician has the individual touch their nose with their finger while monitoring for irregularity in timing and control of the movement.
How can past pointing be clinically examined?
a subject is asked to point at an object with eyes open and then closed first after rotation in a chair to the right and then to the left and which indicates an abnormality if the subject does not past-point in the direction of rotation.
What can lesions of the brainstem (e.g. tumour, haemorrhage, thrombosis) commonly damage?
not only the ascending and descending pathways running through the brainstem but also the cranial nerves at the level of the lesion
Which cranial nerves attach to the midbrain?
- CN III oculomotor
- CN IV trochlear
Which cranial nerves attach to the pons?
- CN V trigeminal
- CN VI abducens
- CN VII facial
- CN VIII vestibulocochlear
Which cranial nerves attach to the medulla oblongata?
- CN IX glossopharyngeal
- CN X vagus
- CN XI spinal accessory
- CN XII hypoglossal
Which cranial nerve(s) emerge(s) from the cerebellopontine angle?
- CN VII facial
- CN VIII vestibulocochlear
Which cranial nerve(s) emerge(s) from the interpeduncular fossa?
CN III oculomotor
Which cranial nerve(s) emerge(s) immediately lateral to the medullary pyramid?
CN XII hypoglossal
Which cranial nerve(s) emerge(s) lateral to the olive?
- CN IX glossopharyngeal
- CN X vagus
Which cranial nerve(s) emerge(s) from the dorsal surface of the brainstem?
- CN IV trochlear
The paired structures on the inferior surface of the brain - the olfactory bulbs and tracts - are in fact CNS structures, which receive information from the true olfactory nerves.
Where are the true olfactory nerves found? How do they enter the cranial cavity?
- Nasal epithelium
- Enter cranial cavity via cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
Which nerve nerve is most commonly damaged as a result of head injury? Suggest the mechanism by which such damage occurs.
Olfactory nerve fibres pass through a honeycomb-like bone structure known as the cribriform plate as they travel from the nose to the brain. These nerve fibres are at risk of being crushed or severed when the force of a head injury causes the brain to collide violently with the skull.