Specific Senses (5/11)

Question 1

Pathway for vision

Answer 1

Detect visual stimuli
convert to action potentials
send to brain

Question 2

Retina

Answer 2

Turns certain wavelengths of light into action potentials

• contains cones (colors)
• contains rods (night vision)

Question 3

Where are cones located

Answer 3

In the retina inside of the fovea centralis and macula

Question 4

Rhodopsin

Answer 4

protein very sensitive to light in rods

Question 5

Location of rods

Answer 5

many many more and cones and located further from the retina so peripheral vision is best for seeing dimly lit objects at night

Question 6

Lens and cornea

Answer 6

cornea- first thing light passes through and protects eye

Lens- finishes job of focusing light

Question 7

Iris

Answer 7

has a hole in center known as pupil (what actually lets light into eye) while iris acts as an umbrella to not let any excess light in

Question 8

Dilator pupillae muscle

Answer 8

increases pupil size

Question 9

Constrictor pupillae muscle

Answer 9

decreases muscle size

Question 10

When lens changes shape…

Answer 10

by Ciliary body via suspensory ligament of lens

Question 11

Anterior chamber (front area)

Answer 11

contains aqueous humor

Question 12

Posterior chamber (back of the eye)

Answer 12

Contains vitreous humor

Question 13

Beneath the retina lays a dark layer of tissue called…

Answer 13

Choroid - supplies blood and absorbs extra light

Question 14

Outer most layer

Answer 14

Sclera (white color)

Question 15

Cones and rods are…

Answer 15

synapsed to bipolar cells which then synapse to ganglia cells

Question 16

Cells that are horizontal

Answer 16

horizontal cells are between cones/rods and bipolar cells and they inhibit photoreceptors

Question 17

Amacrine cells

Answer 17

Between bipolar cells and ganglion cells

Question 18

Visual fields

Answer 18

left and right

Question 19

Optic Chiasm

Answer 19

where the fields cross and shoved to opposite side of brain
so, visuals that hit right side of left processed in right
so, visuals that hit left side of right get processed in left
outer halves of each eye stay on the same side of the brain

Question 20

Optic tract

Answer 20

runs through the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) contained in the thalamus

Question 21

LGN

Answer 21

contains magnocellular neurons- motion but no details and parvocellular neurons (small)- details but not motion

Question 22

Temporal resolution

Answer 22

detecting change

Question 23

Motion paralax

Answer 23

objects closer to us move further across our visual field than objects that are far from us

Question 24

Feature dections

Answer 24

Detection of individual stimuli

Question 25

Parallel processing

Answer 25

integrating multiple stimuli

Question 26

Serial memory processing

Answer 26

systematically giving attention to one thing at a time

Question 27

Order of visual pathway

Answer 27

``` Photoreceptors horizontal cells bipolar cells amacrine cells ganglion cells ```

Question 28

Sterocilia

Answer 28

hair cells of the ear that poke out into fluid called the endolymph

Question 29

Moving of sterocilia in endolymph triggers...

Answer 29

calcium channels to open and the influx of calcium causes the release of neurotransmitters

Question 30

ORgan of corti

Answer 30

has a flexible structure called the basilar membrane, hair cells, and tectorial membrane

Question 31

Summery of path of waves entering ear

Answer 31

sound waves enter and cause the endolymph that surrounds hair cells to vibrate and cause hair cells to release neurotransmitters to go into brain

Question 32

outer eat

Answer 32

lobe, pinna/auoricle and they funnel airwaves

Question 33

Eardrum

Answer 33

dividing point between outer ear and middle ear

Question 34

Middle ear

Answer 34

``` ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes Eustachian tube (equalizes pressure- does the popping) ```

Question 35

Oval window

Answer 35

stapes connected to and it is the boundary between the middle ear and the inner ear

Question 36

Inner ear

Answer 36

fluid bathed hair cells | known as bony labyrinth (contains perilymph) and the membranous labyrinth (contains endolymph)

Question 37

More on inner ear

Answer 37

Cochlea: scala vestibule (contains perilymph) and scala tympani (contains perilymph) and reissner's membrane

Question 38

Thickness of basilar membrane (place theory)

Answer 38

``` thick= high frequency narrow= low frequency closer to apex and further from oval window ```

Question 39

Parts of brain involved in hearing

Answer 39

auditory cortex and medial geniculate nucleus

Question 40

Vestibular sense

Answer 40

``` hair helps with balance semicircular canals sense circular motion vestibule- linear execration utricle- horizontal motion saccule- vertical motion they contain otoliths which have CaCO3 ```

Question 41

Sound

Answer 41

determined by amplitude and vibrates tympanic membrane

Question 42

Touch

Answer 42

somatosenation: touch, pain, temperature, etc

Question 43

Nerves of skin

Answer 43

Not distributed evenly in the skin | fingertips are sensitive and have a high density of nerves

Question 44

Two-point threshold

Answer 44

minimum distance for distinguishing two point stimuli

Question 45

Homunculus

Answer 45

little man drawn to shown density of nerves

Question 46

Gate theory of pain

Answer 46

Pain turned on/off based on input | spinal cord

Question 47

Taste

Answer 47

information is first processed in the thalamus then gustatory contex

Question 48

Smell

Answer 48

in olfactory bulb and passed to olfactory tract | limbic system

Question 49

Interacting sense

Answer 49

flavor is a combination of tase and smell

Question 50

Two-point threshold definition

Answer 50

the minimum distance between two points on the skin that are stimulated at the same time such that we can perceive them as distinct from each other