Personality (5/11) Flashcards
1) Trust vs. mistrust
ages 0-1
2) autonomy vs. shame/doubt
ages 2-3
children begin to explore the world.
autonomy- they can if raised well
3) initiative vs. guilt
ages 3-6
a child is engaging in goal oriented task. if it goes well, they will gain initiative
4) industry vs. inferiority
ages 6-12
children given various tasks and resolving tasks give gratification. failing makes them view themselves as incapable
5) identity vs. role confusion
ages 12-20
coming to terms with who we are on a deep level. need a stable authentic sense of oneself.
6) intimacy vs. isolation
ages 20-39
how we form relationships with groups, partner
7) generativity vs. stagnation
ages 40-65
making contributions to society
success= participating in society
8) integrity vs. despair
ages 65+
whether a person feels their life made sense and was worth wild
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
how people reason about moral choices provides information about how they view themselves
Preconventional 1
obedience: a self-oriented perspective that focuses on the negative consequences for disobeying a rule
Preconventional 2
self-interest: a self-oriented perspective focused on achieving benefits or rewards
Conventional 1
conformity: concerned with the approval of others based on social expectations
Conventional 2
Law and order: the understanding that social expectations and rules help ensure a stable society as a whole
Post-conventional 1
Social contract: laws are seen as ways to reinforce the greater good through a complex network of interrelated rights and responsibilities
Post-conventional 2
Universal human ethics: individuals can make abstract ethical judgements and engage in reasoning based on justice
Freudian psychology
Id, ego, and superego
Id
a bundle of basic, unconscious urges
- survival, reproduction, immediate gratification
- the pleasure principle
Eros
life-affirming desires
Thanatos
death-affirming desires
Ego
the component of our personality that interacts with the world and makes decisions
-the reality principle
Superego
focuses on what we are supposed to do and the ideal version of ourselves
-drives us to perfection
Coping mechanism
regression reactions formation displacement sublimation projection rationalization repression suppression
Regression
returning to an earlier developmental stage
Reaction formaiton
an unconscious transmutation of unacceptable desires into their opposite
Displacement
transferring a desire from an unacceptable object to a more acceptable one
Sublimation
the redirection of desires that are felt to be unacceptable or inappropriate into another behavior
Projection
an individual attributes unwanted or uncomfortable feelings or behavior to someone else
Rationalization
coming up with excuses for feelings or behaviors that we consider problematic
Suppression
conscious attempts to disregard uncomfortable feelings
Repression
unconscious suppression of uncomfortable feelings
The psychosexual perspective
the human libido persists throughout life
children develop through five stages, centered around different body parts
The five stages, centered around different body parts
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
Oral stage
age 0-1
-fixation leads to immature passive personality and oral-based ticks
Anal stage
ages 1-3
children learn about expressing their bowels
-frustration or fixation can lead to analretentive (order) personality or anal-expulsive personality (reckless)
Phallic stage
Ages 3-6
learn about gender role
boys experience the Oedipus complex and girls experience the Electra complex
Latency stage
Ages 6-puberty
lack of sexual fulfillment
Genital stage
Puberty to death
difficulty engaging in sex
Carl Jung
Jung said humans can access a collective unconscious that contains various archetypes like persona, shadow, and anima
Behviorism
BF Skinner
- observed behavior and learning comprise the sole reliable sources of knowledge about humans
- everything boils down to reflexes or conditioned learning
Humanistic psychology
Emphasizes the importance of empathy as a therapeutic technique
unconditional positive regard (Carl Rogers)
-interested in self-actualization
-leads to Maslows hierarchy of needs
Trait theories
Reduces personalities into a limited set of traits that combine in different ways
Big five theory
Openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness neuroticism- the degree to which a person experiences intense emotion in stressful situations
PEN model
Psychoticism
extroversion
neuroticism
Type theories
Astrology
type A and B
Myers-Briggs type inventory
Myers-Briggs type inventory
introversion vs. extroversion
intuition vs. sensing
thinking vs. feeling
judging vs. perceiving
Social cognitive perspective
reciprocal determinism- our behaviors, choices, and personalities influence each other
Biological perspective
focuses on genetic factors
researchers
George Herbert Mead- symbolic interaction (I and Me)
Lev Vygotsky- the more knowledgeable other
