Cognition Flashcards
Jean Piaget
Came up with stages that children go through to adults
Stage 1
Sensorimotor stage: from birth to about 2 years old. Interact with the world through processing sensory input and by engaging in motor activities. Development of object permeance (things don’t go away when you stop seeing them). Stranger anxiety
Stages 2-4
Preoperational stage (age 2-7yr) Concrete operational (age 7-11yr) Formal operational stage (11+)
Pre-operational stage (stage 2)
Represent objects symbolically with words or images .
Egocentrism
Difficulty imagining the world from the perspective of others
Centration
tendency to focus on a single property/parameter
Concrete operational stage (stage 3)
Develop and understand conservation, loss of egocentrism, develop logical reasoning skills
Formal operational stage (stage 4)
Abstract logic, can handle hypotheticals, reason abstractly, and make nuanced moral judgements
Schema
EX) cows have black and white splotches and that they produce milk. If you came across a creature with brown instead of black, and with same function, you may conclude…
either cows have other colors (accommodation), or it is not a cow (assimilation)
Fluid-intelligence
Problem-solving skills that can be applied to new situations without any reliance on previously existing knowledge
Crystallized intelligence
The ability to deploy one’s knowledge and skills to solve problems
Dementia
cognitive decline and memory impairments interfere with a person’s ability to function in the world
Trial and error
We try different options and see what works. lack of conceptual understanding. used when we have time and resources
Algorithm
involved applying a fixed set of steps. designed with preparation and insight, application requires no conceptual understanding of the problem
Deductive reasoning
top-down in nature, applying general principles to a specific situation
Inductive reasoning
Bottom up. successive observations are extrapolated to identify general principles
Analogy
used to solve a problem similar to one we’ve seen before
Intuition
gut sense of how to solve a problem. corresponds to analogies that we aren’t consciously aware of
Metal set
the framework that we use for conceptualizing a problem and trying to solve it
fixation
getting stuck in existing ways of thinking about things
Functional fixedness
tendency to see objects as only having a certain function
Belief perseverance
maintaining or strengthening beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence
Cognitive bias
systematic, generally subconscious patterns of thought that skew reasoning
Hindsight bias
events seem more predictable and obvious
Causation bias
thinking that events closely related in time share a causal link. mistakes correlation for causation
Heuristics
problem-solving methods and mental shortcuts. quick answers even from incomplete information
Representativeness heuristics
making decisions based on prototypical examples. usually used when estimating probability in everyday life
What is intelligence?
the ability to detect patterns, process and store information, understand ideas, solve problems
General intelligence (g factor)
underlying capacity that drives performance in many fields. about 50% inheritability
Eugenics
embraced selective breeding, endorsed racist ideas, provided framework for unethical practices
IQ scale
estimate of a child’s mental age relative to their chronological age
Flynn effect of IQ
describes how IQ score increased in developed countries throughout the 20th century
The different multiple intelligences
musical, visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal
The different multiple intelligences
musical, visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal
Which of the 7 intelligences are g-factor or general intelligence?
visual, verbal, logical
What is the later added 8th form of intelligence?
naturalistic intelligence
