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Phyc/Soc > Experimental Design > Flashcards

Experimental Design Flashcards

1
Q

Type of variables

A

Independent and dependent variable

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2
Q

Which variable does the experimenter manipulate and why?

A

Independent to observe how the dependent variable responds

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3
Q

Where do the variables go on the axes of a graph?

A 
X= independent
Y= dependent
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4
Q

Confounding variables

A

third variable that affects both the independent and dependent variable. can obscure results.

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5
Q

Give an example of a confounding variable

A

Coffee consumption and cardiovascular disease. Cigarette smokers have a direct correlation with cardiovascular disease and it just so happened people who smoke drank coffee more than people who didn’t.
the confounding variable: cigarette smoking

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6
Q

Mediating variable

A

Provides mechanistic link between observed relationship between two different variables. can be seen between independent and dependent variable.

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7
Q

Give an Example of a mediating variable

A

A strong relationship was found that families with lower level income tend to die from cancer more. Cancer does not check a families financial situation before infecting them. so researchers found that poverty is associated with lack of good health care.

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8
Q

Moderating variable

A

a variable that modulates intensity of a certain relationship

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9
Q

Give an example of a moderating variable

A

A stressful work place can lead to anxiety/depression. Exercise and mediation may reduce strength of that relationship.
moderating variable: coping strategies

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10
Q

Operationalization

A

The process of defining variables in measurable, practical ways

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11
Q

Types of studies

A

Experimental studies and observational studies

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12
Q

Experimental studies

A

Researchers manipulate the world in some way

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13
Q

observational studies

A

researchers analyze pre-existing patterns of variation of to determine possible relationships

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14
Q

Quantitative studies

A

Numerical meausres

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15
Q

Qualitative studies

A

Verbal or open-ended measurements of variables

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16
Q

Experimental controls

A

Negative: do not receive treatment or get a placebo

17
Q

Give an example of an experimental design with a negative control

A

A researcher comes up with a drug that can cure the flu. Each patient that has flu takes drug and gets better. Issue is that patients over time will get better anyway. So some patients cannot take drug and we can observe how fast they get better in comparison to those that take the drug.

18
Q

Positive controls

A

Receive treatment known to influence outcome of interest

19
Q

What does the positive control do?

A

Confirms the adequacy and competency of the experimental procedure. They provide a way to compare the effectiveness of the treatment being studied.

20
Q

Randomization

A

samples are randomly given to control or treatment groups

21
Q

Blinding

A

Researchers and/or participants do not know which sample is control/experimental when doing maintenance

22
Q

Correlational studies

A

Measuring various stats among a set of people, looking for correlations

23
Q

Cross-sectional studies

A

Data taken from a single point in time

EX) opinion poll

24
Q

What are some cross sectional studies limitations?

A

Cannot provide information about causality. Provides no information about how things change over time.

25
Q

Longitudinal studies

A

Multiple measurements are made over time

26
Q

Cohort studies

A

a group of subjects is assembled based on an organizing principle and followed up on over time

27
Q

Prospective stuides

A

Data gathered moving forward

28
Q

Retrospective studies

A

Data gathered from the past

29
Q

Case-control studies

A

Compare “cases” to “control”/ people who do not have outcome of interest

30
Q

Meta-analyzses

A

Data from multiple studies are combined and reanalyzed

31
Q

Systematic reviews

A

Critically assess the outcome of various studies

32
Q

The 7 principles for research ethic written by NIH

A

1) must have social and clinical value
2) must have scientific validity
3) fair subject selection
* 4) risk-benefit ratio
5) independent review
* 6) informed consent
7) respect for potential and enrolled participants

33
Q

Nature vs. Nurture

A 
nature= genetic factors 
nurture= environmental factors
34
Q

Genetic screening

A

Used to try to identify genetic predictors of various health outcomes

35
Q

Causation

A

Unidirectional where changes in one variable result in changes in the other

36
Q

Correlation

A

Can have a bidirectional or reciprocal relationship

Phyc/Soc (24 decks)

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