Motivation and Attitude

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

underlying purpose of our actions

Question 2

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 2

internal factors drive behavior. Enjoyment of an activity despite no apparent reward

Question 3

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 3

External factors drive behavior. Motivators include money or prestige.

Question 4

Instincts

Answer 4

Hardwired, fixed behavioral patters. not an urge

Question 5

Drive theory

Answer 5

Drive- an excitatory state produced by a homeostatic disturbance
drives include thirst, hunger, sleepiness

Question 6

Drive reduction theory

Answer 6

motivation comes from a desire to return to homeostasis. Comes from internal factors

Question 7

Primary drives

Answer 7

hunger, thirst, needing to avoid extreme cold

Question 8

Secondary drives

Answer 8

recognition, social prestige, money

Question 9

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 9

Basic needs at bottom and complex needs at complex. Cannot focus on higher up needs until basic needs are fulfilled

Question 10

The levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 10

Bottom to top:
Physical needs
safety
love and belonging 
esteem/ respect 
self-actualization

Question 11

Psychological arousal

Answer 11

people are motivated to engage in actions that optimize psychological arousal

Question 12

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 12

performance at various tasks is optimized at medium levels of arousal

Question 13

Incentive theory

Answer 13

Respond rationally to incentives (external motivation). Reinforcers play an important role

Question 14

Expectancy-value theory

Answer 14

motivation is a reflection of the balance between expectancies (how successful we think we will be at a task ) and values (whether task in question is seen as worthwhile)

Question 15

Self-determination theory

Answer 15

Emphasis placed on intrinsic motivation/ people feel inherently motivated to engage in tasks that they are competent at performing

Question 16

Opponent process theory

Answer 16

if a certain experience initially provokes an intense reaction, the opposite reaction tends to be predominate

Question 17

Attitudes have three components

Answer 17

Affective (feelings)
behavior (actions)
cognitive (analytical perceptions)
-behavior must be affected by the “affective” and “cognitive” components

Question 18

Thomas theorem

Answer 18

if people define situations as real, those situations have real consequences

Question 19

Cognitive Dissonance theory

Answer 19

the discrepancy when a certain attitude or behavior is confronted with conflicting evidence
EX) being a smoker and learning how bad it is for you

Question 20

Elaboration likelihood model

Answer 20

Central route of processing- rational decisions based on advantages and disadvantages of choices
Peripheral route of precessing- superficial decisions based on gut reactions and surface level traits (less stable)

Question 21

Social cognitive theory

Answer 21

modeling desired attitudes and behaviors can be a strong method of changing attitudes. Established social norms are also a very powerful persuasion