Motivation and Attitude Flashcards
Motivation
underlying purpose of our actions
Intrinsic motivation
internal factors drive behavior. Enjoyment of an activity despite no apparent reward
Extrinsic motivation
External factors drive behavior. Motivators include money or prestige.
Instincts
Hardwired, fixed behavioral patters. not an urge
Drive theory
Drive- an excitatory state produced by a homeostatic disturbance
drives include thirst, hunger, sleepiness
Drive reduction theory
motivation comes from a desire to return to homeostasis. Comes from internal factors
Primary drives
hunger, thirst, needing to avoid extreme cold
Secondary drives
recognition, social prestige, money
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Basic needs at bottom and complex needs at complex. Cannot focus on higher up needs until basic needs are fulfilled
The levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Bottom to top: Physical needs safety love and belonging esteem/ respect self-actualization
Psychological arousal
people are motivated to engage in actions that optimize psychological arousal
Yerkes-Dodson law
performance at various tasks is optimized at medium levels of arousal
Incentive theory
Respond rationally to incentives (external motivation). Reinforcers play an important role
Expectancy-value theory
motivation is a reflection of the balance between expectancies (how successful we think we will be at a task ) and values (whether task in question is seen as worthwhile)
Self-determination theory
Emphasis placed on intrinsic motivation/ people feel inherently motivated to engage in tasks that they are competent at performing
Opponent process theory
if a certain experience initially provokes an intense reaction, the opposite reaction tends to be predominate
Attitudes have three components
Affective (feelings)
behavior (actions)
cognitive (analytical perceptions)
-behavior must be affected by the “affective” and “cognitive” components
Thomas theorem
if people define situations as real, those situations have real consequences
Cognitive Dissonance theory
the discrepancy when a certain attitude or behavior is confronted with conflicting evidence
EX) being a smoker and learning how bad it is for you
Elaboration likelihood model
Central route of processing- rational decisions based on advantages and disadvantages of choices
Peripheral route of precessing- superficial decisions based on gut reactions and surface level traits (less stable)
Social cognitive theory
modeling desired attitudes and behaviors can be a strong method of changing attitudes. Established social norms are also a very powerful persuasion
