Learning

Question 1

Pavlov’s dogs experiment

Answer 1

He noticed dogs would salivate before food hit their mouths. they did this in response to meat. He tried using a metronome at the same time meat was out (smell stimulus). Soon, when meat was taken away, dogs would still salivate to the sound of metronome.

Question 2

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 2

EX) smell of meat

Question 3

Unconditioned response

Answer 3

“just sort of happens”, like a reflex

EX) salivation

Question 4

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 4

At first, it is a neutral stimulus

EX) Metronome

Question 5

Conditioned response

Answer 5

EX) salivation to the metronome

Question 6

What is the goal of classical conditioning?

Answer 6

turning an unconditioned response into a conditioned response

Question 7

Extinction

Answer 7

EX) when the dog stops salivating to the metronome once it is no longer linked with meat smell

Question 8

Habituation

Answer 8

Repeated stimuli elicit diminished response over time

Question 9

Dishabituation

Answer 9

intervening stimulus desensitizes person to original stimulus

Question 10

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

conditioned response re-emerges without another conditioning process

Question 11

Stimulus generalization

Answer 11

stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus may evoke the conditioned response

Question 12

Discrimination

Answer 12

The ability to distinguish similar stimuli from each other

Question 13

Who is associated with operant conditioning?

Answer 13

BF skinner

Question 14

Reinforcement

Answer 14

Anything that increases the frequency of a behavior

Question 15

Punishment

Answer 15

Anything that decreases the frequency of a behavior

Question 16

Positive

Answer 16

Something was added

Question 17

Negative

Answer 17

something was taken away

Question 18

Positive reinforcement

Answer 18

adding a pleasant stimulus immediately after a behavior we would like to see increase
EX) giving a dog a treat after it sits

Question 19

Negative reinforcement

Answer 19

Remove stimulus to encourage behavior

EX) running into a building to avoid being wet

Question 20

Positive punishment

Answer 20

Adding a stimulus that decreases behavior

EX) if children bit nails, they would be coated in a gross non-toxic liquid

Question 21

Negative punishment

Answer 21

Removing good stimulus after behavior to decrease it

EX) trying to give a treat to a dog, but it is not gentle when taking it, so you close your hand

Question 22

Escape learning

Answer 22

learning a behavior to terminate an aversive from occurring

Question 23

Avoidance learning

Answer 23

learning a behavior to prevent an aversive stimulus from occuring

Question 24

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 24

reinforcement every time a good behavior occurs

Question 25

Partial reinforcement

Answer 25

only sometimes when target behavior occurs

Question 26

Fixed ratio

Answer 26

EX) a rat was given a food pellet every 4 times it pushed a lever

Question 27

Variable ratio

Answer 27

EX) give rat a food pellet between every 2-8 times

Question 28

Fixed interval

Answer 28

Giving a reinforcement for behavior after a certain amount of time elapses

Question 29

Variable interval

Answer 29

provide reinforcement for the behavior after an unpredictable amount of time passes

Question 30

What is more effective, variable or fixed? ratios or intervals?

Answer 30

variable

ratio

Question 31

Shaping

Answer 31

Gradual approximation of a target behavior

Question 32

Instinctive drift

Answer 32

animal reverts back to instinctive behavior

Question 33

What neuron is associated with observational learning?

Answer 33

Mirror neuron