Learning Flashcards
Pavlov’s dogs experiment
He noticed dogs would salivate before food hit their mouths. they did this in response to meat. He tried using a metronome at the same time meat was out (smell stimulus). Soon, when meat was taken away, dogs would still salivate to the sound of metronome.
Unconditioned stimulus
EX) smell of meat
Unconditioned response
“just sort of happens”, like a reflex
EX) salivation
Conditioned stimulus
At first, it is a neutral stimulus
EX) Metronome
Conditioned response
EX) salivation to the metronome
What is the goal of classical conditioning?
turning an unconditioned response into a conditioned response
Extinction
EX) when the dog stops salivating to the metronome once it is no longer linked with meat smell
Habituation
Repeated stimuli elicit diminished response over time
Dishabituation
intervening stimulus desensitizes person to original stimulus
Spontaneous recovery
conditioned response re-emerges without another conditioning process
Stimulus generalization
stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus may evoke the conditioned response
Discrimination
The ability to distinguish similar stimuli from each other
Who is associated with operant conditioning?
BF skinner
Reinforcement
Anything that increases the frequency of a behavior
Punishment
Anything that decreases the frequency of a behavior
Positive
Something was added
Negative
something was taken away
Positive reinforcement
adding a pleasant stimulus immediately after a behavior we would like to see increase
EX) giving a dog a treat after it sits
Negative reinforcement
Remove stimulus to encourage behavior
EX) running into a building to avoid being wet
Positive punishment
Adding a stimulus that decreases behavior
EX) if children bit nails, they would be coated in a gross non-toxic liquid
Negative punishment
Removing good stimulus after behavior to decrease it
EX) trying to give a treat to a dog, but it is not gentle when taking it, so you close your hand
Escape learning
learning a behavior to terminate an aversive from occurring
Avoidance learning
learning a behavior to prevent an aversive stimulus from occuring
Continuous reinforcement
reinforcement every time a good behavior occurs
Partial reinforcement
only sometimes when target behavior occurs
Fixed ratio
EX) a rat was given a food pellet every 4 times it pushed a lever
Variable ratio
EX) give rat a food pellet between every 2-8 times
Fixed interval
Giving a reinforcement for behavior after a certain amount of time elapses
Variable interval
provide reinforcement for the behavior after an unpredictable amount of time passes
What is more effective, variable or fixed? ratios or intervals?
variable
ratio
Shaping
Gradual approximation of a target behavior
Instinctive drift
animal reverts back to instinctive behavior
What neuron is associated with observational learning?
Mirror neuron
