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Phyc/Soc > All Terms For Phyc/Soc (5/26) > Flashcards

All Terms For Phyc/Soc (5/26) Flashcards

1
Q

1 Cofounding variable

A

A variable that affects both the independent and dependent variable
EX) coffee drinkers are more common to develop heart disease. BUT, those coffee drinkers also smoked and thats what made the heart disease prevalent

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2
Q

1 A mediating variable

A

A variable that explains the relationship between an independent and dependent variable
EX) people who have lower income experience cancer more frequently. The cancer does not check to see if someone has lower income first. So, scare food, lack of health care, explain why cancer is more popular in these populations

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3
Q

1 A moderating variable

A

A variable that is a step between the relationship between independent and dependent
EX) People who have a stressful job tend to have anxiety. A moderating variable would be exercise or other healthy mechanisms to cope with the stress

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4
Q

1 Experimental Studies

A

the researchers directly manipulate an independent variable

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5
Q

1 Observational studies

A

Researchers carefully analyze pre-existing patterns of variation to obtain information on significant relationships

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6
Q

1 Quantitative measures

A

Uses numbers to measure

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7
Q

1 Qualitative measures

A

uses verbal or open-ended measures

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8
Q

1 Cohort studies

A

Groups are organized based on a characteristic that is common
EX) age, gender

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9
Q

1 Prospective analysis

A

Data is gathered moving forward

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10
Q

1 Retrospective studies

A

Data is gathered looking back

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11
Q

1 Internal validity

A

The extent to which we can draw causal conclusions from the study data. Did we manipulate the independent variable enough so that it changed the dependent?

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12
Q

1 External validity

A

Extent to which we can generalize our results onto different experimental or life situations

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13
Q

1 Test validity

A

Describes how well research design was able to test what it was intended to test

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14
Q

1 Subtypes of test validity

A

Construct validity
Content validity- covers the full scope
Criterion validity
Predictive validity

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15
Q

1 Reliability

A

Consistency

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16
Q

1 Accuracy

A

How close to the actual/real measurements

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17
Q

1 Self-reporting/ response bias

A

Allowing respondents to chose their own answers on a survey

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18
Q

1 Social diserability

A

Respondents answer in a way that makes them look more socially successful

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19
Q

1 Acquiescence bias

A

The tendency for a respondent to answer yes when they are asked a question

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20
Q

2 Instinctual behaviors

A

Animals do not attend school, have symbolic culture, use language or many of these hard-coded behaviors shaped by genetics

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21
Q

2 Epigenetics

A

Changes to the genome that do not involve changing actual nucleotide content
EX) methylation

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22
Q

2 Pregnancy stages

A

First- major structures of fetus are formed
Second- details get filled in and the fetus grows
Third- involves growing and finalizing preparations for the outside world

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23
Q

2 The Moro reflex

A

startle reflex that occurs in response to sudden movement or loud sounds

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24
Q

2 Babinski reflex

A

unhealthy- baby’s foot is stroked and the big toe bends up and others toes fan out

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25
Q

2 Puberty

A

Reflects the changes that happen during adolescence (between child and adult)

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26
Q

2 Secondary sex characteristics

A

Develop during puberty

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27
Q

2 Telomeres and aging

A

They deteriorate. They usually protect them from losing nucleotides from DNA

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28
Q

2 Direct hormones of the endocrine system

A

Cause their target cells to make direct changes in some physiological function

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29
Q

2 Tropic hormones of the endocrine system

A

Cause other hormones to be released

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30
Q

2 Role of hypothalamus

A

converting input from the NS to the endocrine system

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31
Q

2 Role of anterior pituitary gland

A

Receives hypothalamic input

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32
Q

2 Role of posterior pituitary gland

A

Received hypothalamic input, but receives signals in form of neuronal rather than hormonal because it is composed of neurons itself

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33
Q

2 Thyroid gland and Parathyroid gland

A

Thyroid gland- releases thyroid hormones and this influences metabolism, but can also influence behavior

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34
Q

2 Adrenal glands

A

Adrenal cortex- secretes cortisol

Adrenal medulla- secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine (acute stress responses)

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35
Q

2 Oxytocin

A

Promotes uterine contractions during labor

Also called the cuddle hormones

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36
Q

2 Prolactin

A

Helps with lactation

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37
Q

2 Melatonin

A

Produced in the pineal gland in the brain that regulates wakefulness

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38
Q

2 Leptin and Ghrelin

A

Leptin- promotes feeling of satiety

Ghrelin- hunger

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39
Q

2 Sensory neurons

A

carry information about stimuli to the CNS for processing are known as afferent neurons

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40
Q

2 Motor neurons

A

Carry signals to react from the CNS to the target cell are know as efferent neurons as they ELICIT THE EFFECT

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41
Q

2 Acetylcholine

A

Activating muscle contraction at the NMJ

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42
Q

2 Glutamate

A

Depolarizes postsynaptic neurons and pushes them closer to action potential threshold

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43
Q

2 GABA

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter and hyper-polarizes postsynaptic neurons to push them further away from the action potential threshold

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44
Q

2 Dopamine

A

reward pathway

Loss from the substantia nigra can lead to Parkinson’s disease

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45
Q

2 Seratonin

A

Regulates mood, sleep, appetite, and GI tract

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46
Q

2 Endorphins

A

supress pain and can produce a euphoric response

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47
Q

2 Cerebellum

A

make coordinated movement happen

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48
Q

2 Medulla oblongata

A

controls autonomic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure

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49
Q

2 Pons

A

relay station through which signals are transmitted between the cerebellum, medulla, and the rest of the brain

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50
Q

2 Mid brain

A

motor control, sleeping and waking, and temperature regulation
includes inferior and superior colliculi and substantia nigra

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51
Q

2 inferior and superior colliculi

A

helps with auditory and visual processing

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52
Q

2 Forebrain

A

Divided into the diencephalon which gives rise to the thalamus (relays sensory and motor signals), hypothalamus, pineal gland and posterior pituitary gland, and the telencephalon which gives rise to the cerebrum

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53
Q

2 Cerebrum

A

Divided into the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures-contains the olfactory bulb, basal ganglia, hypothalamus and hippocampus (part of limbic system)

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54
Q

2 Nucleus accumbens

A

involved in reward, motivation, and learning, implicated in addiction

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55
Q

2 Cerebral cortex

A

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe

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56
Q

2 Wernicke’s area

A

Language comprehension

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57
Q

2 Broca’s area

A

language production/actually speaking

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58
Q

2 EEGs

A

measure brain activity, can be used to identify different ages of sleep, but is bad at localizing

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59
Q

2 CT

A

X-ray photos that are 2D

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60
Q

2 MRI

A

use magnetic fields to image structures in the body

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61
Q

2 PET

A

radiolabels glucose to emit positron decay

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62
Q

2 fMRI

A

uses magnetic properties between oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin

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63
Q

3 Nociceptors

A

detect pain

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64
Q

3 baroreceptors

A

detect pressure, like blood pressure

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65
Q

3 Osmoreceptors

A

detect concentrations of solutes in blood and trigger responses

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66
Q

3 Proprioceptors

A

present in and around muscles, tendons, and joints

Kinesthetic sense

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67
Q

3 Just noticeable difference

A

Smallest change in magnitude of a stimulus that we can perceive as being different

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68
Q

3 Weber’s law

A

Being able to notice a difference

EX) 10 to 11 pounds or 100 to 110 is 10%

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69
Q

3 Hit

A

bear perceived, bear actually there

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70
Q

3 False alarm

A

Bear perceived, bear not actually present

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71
Q

3 Miss

A

bear not perceived, bear actually there

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72
Q

3 Correct rejection

A

bear not perceived, bear not actually present

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73
Q

3 Principle of proximity

A

we perceive objects or shapes that are close to each other as forming groups

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74
Q

3 Principle of similarity

A

states objects that are similar in some way will be perceived as belonging to a group

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75
Q

3 Principle of good continuation

A

if multiple objects intersect or overlap, we tend to perceive them as relatively few uninterrupted objects

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76
Q

3 Principle of Closure

A

We infer the presence of complete shapes over even when they are incomplete

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77
Q

3 Principle of symmetry

A

symmetrical objects are more likely to be perceived of a whole than asymmetrical objects

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78
Q

3 Cones

A

responsible for perceiving fine detail and color

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79
Q

3 Rods

A

many more rods than cone

contain rhodopsin which is a protein extremely sensitive to light

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80
Q

3 Pupil

A

lets light into the eye

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81
Q

3 Iris

A

controls size of pupil with dilator and constrictor pupillae

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82
Q

3 Ciliary muscle

A

adjusts lends via the suspensory ligaments

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83
Q

3 Anterior chamber

A

contains aqueous humor

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84
Q

3 Posterior chamber

A

contains vitreous humor

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85
Q

3 Choroid

A

supplies the retina with blood and absorbs excess light

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86
Q

3 Sclera

A

white color of the eye

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87
Q

3 conjunctiva

A

translucent film on cornea to keep eye lubricated

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88
Q

3 LGN

A

in thalamus and acts as the main relay station from the retinas and sends signals to the superior colliculus

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89
Q

3 Magnocellular and parvocelluar neurons

A

Magno- sense motion

Parvo- sense detail

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90
Q

3 Magnocellular and parvocelluar neurons

A

Magno- sense motion

Parvo- sense detail

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91
Q

Serial processing model

A

analyzing stimuli in order to find something

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92
Q

4 Reticular formation

A

and the reticular activating system play an important role in alertness

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93
Q

4 BATS Drink Blood

A 
beta 
alpha 
theta: non-rem, stage 1
spindles + K-complexes- stage 2
delta
beta
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94
Q

4 cortisol

A

contributes to wakefullness

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95
Q

4 Melatonin

A

generated from the pineal gland that promotes drowsiness

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96
Q

4 Insomnia

A

Sleep disorder that makes it hard to fall asleep

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97
Q

4 Narcolepsy

A

Excessive daytime sleepiness, abnormal REM sleep, hallucinations, muscle control loss

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98
Q

4 Sleep apnea

A

Trouble breathing while sleeping

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99
Q

4 Parasomnias

A

abnormal behaviors during sleep like sleepwalking (somnambulism) or nightmares

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100
Q

4 Manifest content

A

refers to the plotline and details of the dream

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101
Q

4 Latent content

A

underlying reason for having a dream

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102
Q

4 Activation-synthesis model

A

activation of neurons in REM sleep results in a synthesis of that experimental input through dreaming

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103
Q

4 Problem-solving theory

A

views dreams as a way that the brain unconsciously processes and works through problems encountered in one’s day-to-day life

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104
Q

4 Cognitive theory

A

dreams reflect cognitive structures that play a role in out everyday lives

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105
Q

4 Caffeine

A

stimulant to increase the activity of the CNS

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106
Q

4 Amphetamines

A

Stimulant. Adderall specifically, MDMA (ecstacy or molly), cocaine- blocks reuptake of serotonin and dopamine and norepi

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107
Q

4 Depressents

A

decreases activity of the CNS

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108
Q

4 Alcohol

A

Enhances GABA receptors

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109
Q

4 Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

associated with chronic alcoholism

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110
Q

4 benzodiazepines and barbiturates

A

A drug created to help with anxiety and alcoholism, but has a high risk of overdose

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111
Q

4 Opioids

A

morphine or heroin

endorphins- block pain

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112
Q

4 Hallucinogens

A

LSD

distort perceptions and enhance sensory experiences

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113
Q

4 Marijuana

A

includes stimulant, hallucinogenic, and depressant activities

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114
Q

4 the reward pathway

A

More technically known as the mesolimbic system

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115
Q

4 Shadowing

A

subjects are asked to repeat words as soon as they hear them

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116
Q

4 Cocktail party effect

A

in a room with lots of people having a conversation and someone across the room says your name and you immediately notice

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117
Q

4 Inattentional blindness

A

When working on a focused task, we miss things happening in the background

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118
Q

4 Change blindness

A

Failure to notice changes that take place between two stimuli

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119
Q

4 simultaneous attention

A

paying attention to multiple things at once

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120
Q

4 Sequential attention

A

Rapidly switching back and fourth between tasks

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121
Q

4 Controlled processing

A

When we have to consciously focus on carrying out a task

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122
Q

5 Stages by Piaget: 1

A

Sensorimotor stage
birth-2 years
sensory input by engaging in motor activities

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123
Q

5 Object permanence

A

understanding that objects exist outside of one’s perception- in other words that things don’t just go away when you stop seeing them

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124
Q

5 Circular reactions

A

the repetition of something accidentally, like dropping a toy

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125
Q

5 Stranger anxiety

A

going from being open to strangers to strangers providing a sense of worry

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126
Q

5 Stages by Piaget: 2

A

preoperational stage: 2-7
concrete operational stage: 7-11
formal operational stage: later

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127
Q

5 the main components of the preoperational stage

A

egocentrism, lack of conversation, centration, and symbolic thought

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128
Q

5 assimilation

A

EX) seeing an animal that looks like a cow and functions like one, but is brown instead of black/white
so you preserve your schema by concluding that the animal must not be a cow

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129
Q

5 Accommodation

A

expand schema by acknowledging that cows can have additional colors

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130
Q

5 Fluid intelligence

A

problem-solving skills that can be applied to new situations without using an previously existing knowledge

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131
Q

5 Crystallized intelligence

A

reflects the ability to deploy one’s knowledge and skills to solve problems

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132
Q

5 Algorithum

A

Problem-solving with fixed steps

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133
Q

5 Deductive reasoning

A

top-down: applying general principles to a specific situation

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134
Q

5 Inductive reasoning

A

Bottom up Processing: successive observations are extrapolated to identify general principles

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135
Q

5 Functional fixedness

A

only seeing objects use for what they are made for

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136
Q

5 Belief tendency

A

people’s tendency to maintain their beliefs

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137
Q

5 Overconfidence

A

being too sure of oneself

138
Q

5 Confirmation bias

A

occurs when we reason in a way that favors information that supports conclusions that we have already made or believe

139
Q

5 Hindsight bias

A

Refers to our tendency to retrospectively view events as having been highly predictable even if it wasn’t so simple in the moment

140
Q

5 Causation bias

A

refers to our tendency to infer cause and effect relationships incorrectly

141
Q

5 Heuristics

A

mental shortcuts

142
Q

5 The representative heuristic

A

we make decisions based on what we consider to be the prototypical example of a catagory

143
Q

5 Availability heuristic

A

involved being influenced by examples of a certain phenomenon

144
Q

5 IQ: normal distribution

A

bell shape curve on a graph for a populations IQ score

145
Q

5 Theory of multiple intelligence

A

musical, visual-spatial, verbal, logical-math, kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal

146
Q

5 Phonetics

A

deals with the speech sounds that we produce, often on a level that does not consciously register with us speakers or contribute directly to meaning

147
Q

5 Phonology

A

deals with how we structure and organize speech sounds in a way that do affect meaning as well as processes that affect such sounds

148
Q

5 Morphology

A

field of study of how words are formed

how we add “-or” or “-er”

149
Q

5 Sematics

A

Specializes in meaning either of words or sentences

150
Q

5 Pragmatics

A

The study of the non-literal meaning

“Can you pass the salt?” its not asking if they have the ability to

151
Q

5 Behaviorism

A

BF Skinner

states that language is a learned behavior that develops in response to the environment

152
Q

5 Sapir whorf hypothesis

A

language that we speak can shape our cognition

153
Q

5 Arcuate fasciculus

A

how information goes from Wernickes to Broca’s area. If damaged, leads to non-fluent aphasia

154
Q

5 Auditory cortices

A

region in temporal lobe that handles language-related processing functions

155
Q

6 Elkman’s seven universal emotions

A

Happiness, surprise, sadness, fear, disgust, contempt, anger

156
Q

6 James-Lange Theory

A

the physiological response occurs immediately after the stimulus which causes the emotional response

157
Q

6 The Schachter-Singer Theory

A

We see a bear, have a physiological response, appraise that response in context, and then have a conscious emotion or behavior

158
Q

6 The cannon-bard theory

A

After a stimulus, the physiological response (elevated heart rate for example) and emotional response in the brain happen simultaneously and separately and jointly lead to an emotional response

159
Q

6 The Lazarus theory

A

We first label the situation as good or bad then experience a physiological response and a conscious emotion

160
Q

6 Avoidance conflict

A

where we have to choose between two bad options

161
Q

6 approach-approach conflict

A

Choosing between two good options

162
Q

6 Approach avoidance conflict

A

one where you are dealing with a decision that has both upsides and downsides

163
Q

6 double approach-avoidance conflict

A

choosing between two options that both have upsides and downsides

164
Q

6 Learned helplessness

A

repeated exposure to stressors that one is unable to change or avoid can lead to this phenomenon

165
Q

6 Chunking

A

a way we organize something to remember it

EX) phone numbers

166
Q

6 Sematic memory

A

refers to memory of specific pieces of information

EX) names

167
Q

6 Procedural memory (implicit)

A

refers to the memory of knowing how to do something

EX) ride a bike

168
Q

6 Episodic memory

A

Relates to memory of our experiences

169
Q

6 Flashbulb memory

A

A very vivid memory, positive or negative

170
Q

6 Eidetic memory

A

Photographic memory

171
Q

6 Iconic memory

A

highly detailed visual image can remain in our perception for a brief period of time

172
Q

6 Prospective memory

A

memories related to plans to do something in the future

173
Q

6 Source monitoring errors

A

We have the information right and repeat it to someone else, but are incorrect about who relaid the information to us

174
Q

6 Primacy effect

A

More likely to recall items at the beginning of a list

175
Q

6 Recency effect

A

More likely to recall items that were said last in a list

176
Q

6 Serial position effect

A

More likely to recall extremes in a list than the middle

177
Q

6 Classical conditioning

A

Dog salivates at food
ring bell without food and show that dog does not react
associate ring of a bell with food
now, dog salivates at bell without the food even present

178
Q

6 Unconditioned stimulus

A

The smell of the meat

179
Q

6 Unconditioned response

A

Salivation

180
Q

6 Conditioned stimulus

A

the bell goes from neutral stimulus to this

181
Q

6 conditioned response

A

becomes salivation

182
Q

6 extinction/havituation

A

stopping the stimuli can make the effects go away

dishabituation- intervening stimulus can re-sensitize to make response return

183
Q

7 Intrinsic personality

A

Comes from within ones self

184
Q

7 Extrinsic personality

A

Comes from outside oneself

Like some type of reward

185
Q

7 Instincts

A

Hard-wired, fixed behavior patterns that are somewhat more complex than reflexes, are perhaps the simplest level of motivation

186
Q

7 Drive Reduction Theory

A

we are motivated by our drives to act in ways that resolve uncomfortable discrepancies between out current state and a state of homeostasis

187
Q

7 Primary drives

A

EX) hunger, thirst, need to avoid extreme heat or cold

188
Q

7 Secondary drives

A

Less basic

EX) desire for recognition, a good career that looks socially acceptable

189
Q

7 Maslow’s pyramid

A

Physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization

190
Q

7 Physiological from Maslow’s

A

breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion

191
Q

7 Safety from Maslow’s

A

Security of body, employment, resources, morality, the family, health

192
Q

7 Love/belonging from Maslow’s

A

Friendship, family, sexual intimacy

193
Q

7 Esteem from Maslow’s

A

Self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others and by others

194
Q

7 Self-actualization of Maslow’s

A

Morality, creativity, problem solving, lack of prejudice

195
Q

7 Psychological arousal

A

Alertness and engagedness

196
Q

7 The incentive theory of motication

A

humans respond rationally to external incentives

197
Q

7 Expectancy-value theory

A

motivation reflects a balance between expectancies and values

198
Q

7 Self-determination theory

A

focuses on the need for competence, autonomy, and relatedness

199
Q

7 Opponent-process theory

A

a certain experience initially provokes an intense reaction of one form or another as the experience continues over time, the opposite reaction tends to predominate

200
Q

7 components of attitude

A

Affective, behavioral, and cognitive

201
Q

7 Foot-in-the-door technique

A

Having someone agree to a small request to then introduce a large request

202
Q

7 Cognitive dissonance

A

unhealthy behaviors that are addictive

203
Q

7 elaboration likelihood model

A

central route- making a rational decision based on a consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of choices
Peripheral route- make decisions based on gut reactions

204
Q

7 Erikon’s stages of development

A 
trust v mistrust 
autonomy v shame
initiative v guilt 
industry v inferiority 
identity v role confusion 
intimacy v isolation 
generativity v stagnation 
integrity v despair
205
Q

7 Kohlberg stages of moral development

A 
pre-conventional= childhood (obedience, self-interest) 
conventional= adolescence (conformity, law-and-order)
post-conventional= not everyone gets to this stage (social contract, universal human ethics)
206
Q

7 Sigmund Frued and personality

A

id- unconscious urges
ego- interacts with the world and makes decisions
superego- what we are supposed to do, the ideal version of ourselves

207
Q

7 sublimation

A

refers to the redirection of desires that are felt to be unacceptable or inappropriate into another behavior

208
Q

7 Rationalization

A

coming up with excuses

209
Q

7 Supression

A

conscious attempts to disregard uncomfortable feelings

210
Q

7 oral stage

A

infants get pleasure from feeding and exploring the world through their mouths

211
Q

7 anal stage

A

children learn to control bladder

-anal retentive or anal expulsive

212
Q

7 Phallic stage

A

children learn their own private parts

213
Q

7 Latency phase

A

sexual urges enter dormancy

214
Q

7 Genital stage

A

normal sexual relationships, given previous stages have been resolved

215
Q

7 Carl Jung

A

agreed with Freud for the most part, but believed in collective unconscious- persona, shadow, anima

216
Q

7 BF Skinner

A

behaviorism

217
Q

7 Carl Rogers

A

Unconditional positive regard

therapist accepts clients and show care

218
Q

7 The theories of personalities “big five”

A

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

219
Q

7 Hans and Sybil Eysenck

A

PEN model

psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism

220
Q

7 Myers-briggs type inventory

A

INTP

introverted, intuition, thinking, perceiving

221
Q

7 Reciprocal determinism

A

interrelationships between our behaviors, choices, and personalities

222
Q

7 George Herbert Mead

A 
"I'= our internal selves 
"me"= version of us that the environment reflects back on us
223
Q

8 Major depressive disorder

A

defined by one depressive episode which is a two week period including 5 or more of the following symptoms: lack of interest in things, extreme sadness, weight changes, sleep changes, appetite loss

224
Q

8 Bipolar disorder

A

depressive and manic episodes

225
Q

8 Bipolar I

A

more mania than depression

226
Q

8 Bipolar II

A

more depression with less mania

227
Q

8 Bipolar disorder

A

hypomania and even less depression than bipolar II

228
Q

8 Somatic disorder

A

refers to an excessive preoccupation or focus on a physical symptom

229
Q

8 Conversion disorder

A

physical symptoms involving the impairment of sensory of voluntary motor function that do not appear to have a biological cause- usually happens after high-stress events

230
Q

8 Dissociative amnesia

A

a form of retrograde where people lose episodic memories about their own lives

231
Q

8 Schizophrenia

A

can have positive or negative symptoms- how emotion is expressed
hallucinations
delusions
disorganized behavior and thought

232
Q

8 Cluster A personality disorders

A

Paranoid personality disorder- high level of distrust towards others
Schizoid personality disorder- marked preference for solitude
Schizotypal disorder- discomfort in social settings with delusions

233
Q

8 Cluster B personality disorders

A

Antisocial personality disorder- often manifests in violence and lack of remorse
Narcissistic personality disorder
Histrionic personality disorder- attention seeking
Borderline personality disorder- unstable and intense emotions

234
Q

8 Cluster C personality disorders

A

Avoidant personality disorder- hypersensitive to criticism
Dependent personality disorder
obsessive- compulsive personality disorder- extensive concern with rules, orderliness

235
Q

8 Schizophrenia biologically

A

excess levels of neurotransmitters dopamine

236
Q

8 Depression biologically

A

deficiency in serotonin and dopamine

selective serotonin reuptakers inhibitors help to boost serotonin in brain

237
Q

9 Social facilitation

A

we perform better with group tasks when the arousal is high

238
Q

9 Yerkes-Dodson law

A

U shape graph about low to high stress tasks relation to performance

239
Q

9 Social loafing

A

Working less hard in a group because other people will pick up the slack

240
Q

9 Bystander effects

A

People’s tendency to not offer help to someone in distress if other bystanders are present

241
Q

9 Deindividuation

A

people tend to lose their sense of self-awareness in a large group setting because of high arousal and low degree of perceived responsibility

242
Q

9 Anonymity

A

sense that no one will know what you do in a crowd

EX) mods

243
Q

9 Diffused responsibility

A

sense that you’re not really responsible for what happened

244
Q

9 Group polarization

A

tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial positions of the individual group members

245
Q

9 Informational influence

A

in a group discussion, people are more likely to express points of view with the dominant viewpoint

246
Q

9 Normative influence

A

desire to be socially accepted

247
Q

9 Groupthink

A

irrational decisions are made within a group due to pressure towards harmony

248
Q

9 Janis’ either factors of groupthink

A 
collective rationalization
excessive stereotyping
illusion of invulnerability 
illusion of morality 
illusion of unanimity 
mindguards
pressure on dissenters
self-censorship
249
Q

9 Conformity

A

Someone’s beliefs changes to line up with the perspectives of others

250
Q

9 Convergence

A

when someone’s beliefs just happen to line up with others

251
Q

9 Solomon Asch experiment

A

a group in on the experiment reported a wrong answer and other people, who did not know what was happening, went with that wrong answer

252
Q

9 Door-in-the-face technique

A

make a large request that you know will be rejected then ask a smaller one

253
Q

9 Low-ball technique

A

offering something at a low price only to raise it last minuet after the buyer is already invested in the purchase

254
Q

9 Milgram experiment

A

Experimenter, teacher, and learner

see if someone will inflict pain on someone else in response to direct instructions

255
Q

9 Formal norms

A

laws written down

256
Q

9 Informal norms

A

laws not written down with consequences for violating them

257
Q

9 Folkways

A

insignificant informal norms with little to no penalty for violating them

258
Q

9 Mores

A

EX) cheating or being a jerk

259
Q

9 Taboos

A

most restrictive norms like cannibalism or incest

260
Q

9 Sanctions

A

refers to any punishment for violating a social norm and a reward for following

261
Q

9 Emile Durkheim

A

coined the term anomie which refers to a situation in which there is no longer a good match between society’s stated norms and the norms individuals respond to

262
Q

9 Differential association theory

A

deviance of behavior that is learned socially

263
Q

9 Symbolic interactionist

A

behaviors as learned things with culturally determined significance

264
Q

9 Labeling approach

A

focuses on how people’s behaviors is affected by being label as deviant

265
Q

9 Strain theory

A

looks at why people engage in deviant behaviors
General strain theory- people who experience social or economic hardships may have negative emotional experiences that push them to be more deviant

266
Q

9 Dispositional attribution

A

explains behavior in terms of being something internal, or inherent to his disposition or character
EX) he broke my pencil because he is mean

267
Q

9 Actor-observer bias

A

we are more likely to make dispositional attributions for someone else, but situational for us

268
Q

9 Fundamental attribution bias

A

only applies/considers others. they are dispostional

269
Q

9 the halo effect

A

how positive or negative experiences of someone in one domain can affect our view of them in another domain

270
Q

9 The just-world hypothesis

A

good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people

271
Q

9 Prejudice

A

refers to the irrational attitudes, good or bad, to various groups or even objects

272
Q

9 Stereotype content model

A

paternalistic- high warm, low competence: low status and no threat
Admiration- high warm, high competence: high status and no threat
contemptuous- low warm, low competence: low status and high threat
envious- low warm, high competence: high status and high threat

273
Q

9 prejudice, stereotypes, and doscrimmination

A 
prejudice= an affective or emotional response
stereotype= cognitive phenomenon 
discrimination= actions or outcomes based on prejudices
274
Q

10 Emotional signals

A

couched in even very small changes in physical stimuli

275
Q

10 Social sanctions

A

certain patterns of emotional expression can be indexed to gender

276
Q

10 Verbal communication

A

literal words that we say

277
Q

10 Nonverbal communication

A

tone of voice, eye contact, body language, etc

278
Q

10 Self-presentation

A

how we envision our authentic self and on how we think it will be advantageous to appear in a certain situation

279
Q

10 Self-disclosure

A

refers to what you disclose to others about yourself

280
Q

10 Managing appearances

A

how you groom yourself, how you dress, how you act

281
Q

10 Ingratiation

A

another word for “sucking up”

282
Q

10 Aligning actions

A

refers to presenting your actions in a light to make them seem more appealing

283
Q

10 Altercasting

A

flips the focus onto other people

284
Q

10 Goffman’s front and back stage self

A

front stage= how we present ourselves to an audience

back stage= more authentic self when we are not in front of an audience

285
Q

10 Mere exposure effect

A

we eventually develop a preference for familiar people and things

286
Q

10 Secure attachment

A

feels distress when caregiver leaves but adjusts to the circumstances knowing the caregiver will return

287
Q

10 Ambivalent attachment

A

distress when caregiver leaves and mixed or unclear response upon return

288
Q

10 Avoidant attachment

A

Does not care when caregiver leaves or returns

may mean neglect

289
Q

10 Disoriented attachment

A

contradictory or confused behavior upon return

may mean abuse

290
Q

10 Altruism

A

Refers to helping other people at some cost to yourself, even if only terms of time and energy

291
Q

10 Foraging

A

How animals search for food

292
Q

10 Game theory

A

a branch of applied mathematics that deals with decision-making under circumstances of incomplete information where there are other actors who are making similar choices, like in a game

293
Q

10 Prisoner’s Dilemma

A

when a criminal needs to testify against another criminal to go free. both denounce each other to get lighter sentence, or both keep quiet to get long sentence

294
Q

10 Race

A

based off of physical characteristics

295
Q

10 Symbolic ethnicity

A

refers to contexts where people invoke ethnic identity under specific and limited circumstances

296
Q

10 looking-glass self

A

Our perceptions of how other people see us shape how we see ourselves

297
Q

10 Self-concept

A

how we perceive ourselves

298
Q

10 Self-schemas

A

impact our behaviors in that we intend to act in the way that is consistent with our self-schemas

299
Q

10 Self-verification

A

we seek to have others perceived us according to how we perceive ourselves

300
Q

11 Achieved status

A

A status that a person works for to obtain

EX) doctor

301
Q

11 Ascribed status

A

Come from outside of ourselves

302
Q

11 Master status

A

Status is so dominant it crowds other traits

EX) celebrities

303
Q

11 Role conflict

A

Experiencing difficulty maintaining multiple roles

304
Q

11 Role exit

A

Process one goes through when disengaging from a role

305
Q

11 Role engulfment

A

Occurs when a role expands to dominate someone’s life

306
Q

11 Primary groups

A

long-lasting, deep bonds

307
Q

11 Secondary groups

A

short lasting and superficial

308
Q

11 Reference groups

A

Groups we compare ourselves to

309
Q

11 dyads and triads

A

groups of two tend to be less stable than groups of three

310
Q

11 Social network analysis

A

researchers can apply various mathematical techniques to analyze the connections among people in networks

311
Q

11 Formal organizations

A

Defined rules for entering and exiting the organization and organization continues to exist even when current members are long gone

312
Q

11 Coercive organization

A

you do not choose to be a part of, but you have to anyway

EX) prison

313
Q

11 Normative organizations

A

organizations people join because of a shared ideal or ethical goal

314
Q

11 Utilitarian organizations

A

organizations people join to make money or be compensated in a direct way

315
Q

11 Iron law of oligarchy

A

any organization with democratic decision making will wind up being dominated by a smaller group of decision makers

316
Q

11 McDonaldization

A

refers to the focus on efficiency, calculability, uniformity, and technological control

317
Q

11 Emile Durkheim’s functinalism

A

manifest- what the function is supposed to do

latent- unintended functions (usually positive) while dysfunctional is usually negative

318
Q

11 Conflict theory

A

competition between different groups or structures for resources and the conflicts that arise in the process

319
Q

11 Symbolic interactionism

A

How people interact using symbols

page 201

320
Q

11 Social constructionism

A

points out the meaning of social structure or concept emerges from how we think about those concepts and communicate with each other about them
EX) Thanksgiving

321
Q

11 Rational choice theory

A

people have certain preferences or goals, and then chose actions based on the pros and cons of various possible choices in a way that maximizes the likelihood of satisfying the preferences

322
Q

11 Social exchange theory

A

views social interactions as involving interchanges with costs and rewards

323
Q

11 Principles of medical ethics

A

beneficence, nonmaleficence, respect for patient, autonomy and justice

324
Q

12 Value

A

how the world should be, how we should act

325
Q

12 subcultures

A

groups of people within a larger cultural framework with additional practices, norms, or values

326
Q

12 Culture lag

A

delay between changes, like technology, happening and cultural integration

327
Q

12 Culture shock

A

Disorienting experience of immersion of a new culture

328
Q

12 Assimilation

A

Integration into the predominent culture

329
Q

12 Cultural transmission

A

cultural elements transferred over time

330
Q

12 Diffusion

A

transfer between different cultures

331
Q

12 Generations

A 
GI generation
Silent generation 1925-45
Baby boomers 1945-65
Gen X 1965-82
Millennials 1982-2002
Gen Z 2002-10 
Generation alpha 2010- present
332
Q

12 Racialization

A

imposing a racial identity

333
Q

12 Racial formation theory

A

using racialization for political or social goals

334
Q

12 Demographic transition model

A

high death and birth
less death and high birth
slowly less death and rapidly less birth
low death and birth

335
Q

12 Prevalence

A

how many people in a population have a condition

336
Q

12 Incidence

A

how many people get the condition over a given frame in a population

337
Q

12 Intergenerational

A

The ability for successive generations rise or fall in status or class

338
Q

12 Intragenerational

A

Events within a person’s lifetime that changes his or her status

339
Q

12 Vertical mobility

A

a rise or fall in income

340
Q

12 Horizontal mobility

A

keeping the same income, but in a different occupation (or no occupation)

Phyc/Soc (24 decks)

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