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Phyc/Soc > Behavior, the Endocrine, and the NS > Flashcards

Behavior, the Endocrine, and the NS Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine functions

A

fluid regulation, metabolism, blood glucose concentration and calcium levels

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2
Q

What is the endo system?

A

a network of organs distributed throughout the body that secrete signaling molecule or hormones into the blood stream

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3
Q

What are the jobs of hormones?

A

Cause change in some physiological function, or trigger other hormones to be released (tropic hormones)

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4
Q

Hypothalamus

A

converts NS inputs into endo signals

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5
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

A

receives signals from hypothalamus through hormones that travels down the hypophyseal portal system

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6
Q

Posterior pituitary gland

A

Receives signals from hypothalamus in form of neuronal instead of hormonal

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7
Q

Thyroid and parathyroid

A

Affects on metabolism

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8
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Involved with mediating stress levels with cortisol

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9
Q

Ovaries and teses

A

Estro and testo

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10
Q

Role of Oxytocin

A

Best known for promoting contractions during labor (positive feedback). Also have psychological affects like affection, love and mood

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11
Q

Role of Prolactin

A

Best known for its affects in lactation. Also, modulates stress response, anxiety, and depression (very complicated)

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12
Q

Role of melatonin

A

Thought to induce sleep. Blue light can suppress melatonin

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13
Q

Hunger is mediated by what hormones?

A

Lepin, ghrelin, and NPY

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14
Q

Leptin

A

reduces hunger. released by adipose (fat) cells

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15
Q

Grehlin

A

promotes hunger. released by GI tract

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16
Q

NPY

A

Stimulates food intake

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17
Q

Stress hormones

A

EPI and NOREPI (short term)

Cortisol (long term effect)

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18
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

Best known for promoting metabolism. Also, very low levels= fatigue and depression. high levels= irritability

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19
Q

Neurotransmitters and their functions

A

Dopamine- degradation of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain of the brain is associated with the onset of parkinson’s
Endorphins- endogenerous opioids and pain killers
Norepi- raises one’s heart rate, blood pressure
Serotonin- lack of is associated with depression

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20
Q

Which side of the brain deals with language processing and production?

A

Both broca’s and wernicke’s area are localized to the left hemisphere of the brain

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21
Q

Reflexes

A

automatic behaviors that occur in response to certain stimuli

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22
Q

The synapse between motor neurons and muscle

A

NMJ

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23
Q

Reflex arcs

A

simple neural pathways that control reflexes

EX) patellar reflex

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24
Q

Sensory neurons

A

AFFERENT

carry info about stimuli to CNS for processing

25
Q

Motor Neurons

A

EFFERENT

Carry signals to react from the CNS

26
Q

How do neurotransmitters be released/trigger and action potential?

A

they push the membrane potential difference in either direction

27
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

depolarize the target neuron

28
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

hyperpolarize the target neuron

29
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Activates muscle contraction at NMJ.
Communicates signals between CNS and autonomic NS
sends signals from parasympathetic NS to target
Overall job: communication

30
Q

GABA

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter and pushes for hyperpolarization

31
Q

Glutamate

A

An excitatory neurotransmitter, pushes towards depolarization

32
Q

Endorphins

A

suppress pain and produce a euphoria response (reflect opioids)
NOREPI- involved in acute stress response
EPI- adrenaline (similar effects)

33
Q

Serotonin

A

Regulates mood, appetite, and sleep along with intestinal movement
current hypothesis: low levels are associated with depression

34
Q

Dopamine

A

Involved in reward pathways, mediates certain motor function
loss of dopamine-secreting neurons in the substantia nigra leads to parkinson’s

35
Q

Agonist

A

a compound that activates a receptor to cause a response

36
Q

Antagonist

A

Bind a receptor but does not cause a response. prevent agonist from affecting the body

37
Q

PNS

A

somatic NS- carrying out voluntary activities (afferent and efferent)
autonomic NS- carrying out unconscious activities (EX: heart rate, urination) and is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

38
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

flight or fight response to acute stress
stimulation:
-EPI is realsed
-airways open for more air to be passed through
-start sweating
Suppression:
-digestion, blood vessels for GI constrict
-peristalsis also slows down

39
Q

Behavior effects of sympathetic NS

A

tunnel-vision, shaking, decrease in sexual arousal

40
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

rest and digest

  • blood vessels on muscles constrict and expand in GI tract
  • pupil smaller
41
Q

Behavioral effects of parasympathetic NS

A

promotes digestion, salivation, sexual arousal

42
Q

Strange third branch of the autonomic NS

A

Enteric NS

regulates activity of gut

43
Q

CNS

A

decides what to do

brain and spinal cord

44
Q

Brain parts

A

Hindbrain
Forebrain (most volume)
Midbrain

45
Q

Hindbrain

A

Basic functions, evolutionary conserved functions

  • cerebellum: coordinated movement
  • medulla oblongata: autonomic functions
    pons: relay station, signals moved
46
Q

Forebrain

A

more advanced functions like reasoning

  • diencephalon which gives rise to pituitary gland, hypothalamus: bridge between NS and endo system, thalamus:regulates sleep and awareness, telencephalon (which then gives rise to cerebrum)
  • olfactory bulb: odors
  • basal ganglia
  • hippocamous
47
Q

Limbic system

A

basal ganglia, olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus
-involved in emotion, motivation, and memory

48
Q

Midbrain

A

somewhere in between like vision and eye movement

  • inferior and superior colliculi
  • substantia nigra- dopamine
  • brain stem which has RAS for alertness
49
Q

Cerebral cortex

A 
4 lobes:
frontal- planning, memory, attention 
parietal- sensory processing 
occipital- vision 
temporal lobe- meaning, visual memories
50
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

temporal lobe, involved with language comprehension

left hemi

51
Q

Broca’s area

A

part of frontal lobe involved with language production

left hemi

52
Q

Spinal cord

A

Afferent for peripheral to CNS, protected by cerebrospinal fluid, meninges and bones.

53
Q

vertebra

A

Anterior- stomach (motor)

posterior- faces back (sensory)

54
Q

EEG

A

measure brain activity through electrodes placed on scalp

55
Q

CT

A

X-rays of 360 degrees

56
Q

MRI

A

strong magnetic fields to image structures within the body

  • soft structures
  • no radiation
  • more expensive and time consuming
57
Q

PET

A

works with glucose and detects decaying events to detect activity

58
Q

fMRI

A

measures on oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin to visualize blood flow
measures both structure and function

Phyc/Soc (24 decks)

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