Social Effects on Behavior

Question 1

Psychological arousal

Answer 1

Alertness and readiness to respond

Question 2

Social facilitation

Answer 2

People perform tasks better in a group setting where psychological arousal is higher (must be because presence of others)

Question 3

Social loafing

Answer 3

people tend to work less hard in a group setting due to the belief others will pick up the slack

Question 4

The bystander effect

Answer 4

People tend not to offer help to someone if other bystanders are present

Question 5

Deindividuation

Answer 5

Loss of sense of self-awareness in a large group due to high psychological arousal

Question 6

Three factors that play into Deindividuation

Answer 6

Anonymity
diffused responsibility
group size

Question 7

Group polarization

Answer 7

A group will arrive at final opinions that are more extreme than the initial positions of the individual members

Question 8

Factors that contribute to group polarization

Answer 8

people in a group tend to express their opinion to agree with the dominant one
our desire to be socially accepted

Question 9

Groupthink

Answer 9

Irrational decisions made within a group due to pressures towards harmony and individual conformity

Question 10

Characteristics of group think

Answer 10

1. illusion of invulnerability- belief no serious harm will come
2. illusion of morality- ignore consequences
3. illusion of unanimity- assume group is unanimous 4. self-censorship- members who disagree don’t speak
   pressure of dissenters- members feel pressure to not go against group
4. pressure on dissenters- members feel pressure to no contradict majority
5. collective rationalization- group finds reasons to ignore warnings and avoid reconsidering their actions or assumptions
6. excessive stereotyping- outside viewpoints are viewed as negative
7. Mind guard- members of group filter out info that could destabilize consensus

Question 11

Conformity

Answer 11

When someone’s behavior, belief, or thinking changes to line up with perspective of others

Question 12

Convergence

Answer 12

Someone’s beliefs and behaviors already line up with the group

Question 13

Congruence

Answer 13

Pre-existing overlap

Question 14

Compliance (in regards to conformity)

Answer 14

When the person conforms but internally dissents

Question 15

Identification

Answer 15

A person’s beliefs change only in the presence of the group

Question 16

Compliance

Answer 16

Responds to requests from someone with no power to enforce that request

Question 17

foot-in-the-door

Answer 17

making a small request followed by a larger request

Question 18

Door-in-the face

Answer 18

making a large request you know will be rejected, only to follow up with a smaller, more reasonable request

Question 19

low-ball

Answer 19

offering a low price, only to raise it at the last minute

Question 20

Obedience

Answer 20

a change in behavior in response to a direct request from someone with power to enforce that request

Question 21

Social norms

Answer 21

Unspoken or spoken rules that regulate behavior, beliefs, etc

Question 22

Social control

Answer 22

the way norms are taught, enforced, and perpetuated

Question 23

Deviance

Answer 23

not following social norms

Question 24

Formal norm

Answer 24

Encoded somewhere, with specific penalties for violations

Question 25

Informal norms

Answer 25

Not written down; no fixed penalty for violating them

Question 26

Folkways

Answer 26

not important informal norms

Question 27

Mores

Answer 27

informal norms which incur severe disapproval when violated

EX) cheating

Question 28

Taboos

Answer 28

Even more restrictive norms

Question 29

Sanctions

Answer 29

punishment or consequences for violating a social norm for rewards for following

Question 30

Anomie

Answer 30

refers to a situation where there is a poor match between society’s stated norms and time

Question 31

Differential association theory

Answer 31

View deviance as a behavior that is learned socially

EX) criminals become that way because they hang out with other criminals

Question 32

Labeling approach

Answer 32

focuses on how behavior is affected by being labeled as a deviant

Question 33

Primary deviance

Answer 33

deviant acts committed before being labeled

Question 34

Secondary deviance

Answer 34

deviants acts are committed after being labels in partial reaction to the label

Question 35

Strain theory

Answer 35

focuses on role of social and economic pressures towards deviance

Question 36

Socialization

Answer 36

How we learn informal and formal norms by interacting with other people and institutions

Question 37

Agents of socialization

Answer 37

Parents, educational system, mass media, peers, workplace

Question 38

Fads

Answer 38

A new behavior that suddenly becomes extremely popular, then fades

Question 39

Mass hysteria

Answer 39

Irrational fear of a preceived threat, verging on the point of a collectional illusion

Question 40

Riots

Answer 40

Spontaneous episodes of civil disorder

Question 41

Group Deviance

Answer 41

EX) riots or fads