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MSK/Derm > SM 255: Structure and Function of the Skin > Flashcards

SM 255: Structure and Function of the Skin Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What are the major functions of Skin?

A

Barrier, Repair, Immunologic, Sensation, Thermoregulation, and Appearance

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2
Q

How does skin contribute to a Barrier function?

A

Skin resists mechanical stress, limits water loss, blocks entry of pathogens and acts as a UV shielf

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3
Q

How does skin contribute to Repair?

A

Wound healing

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4
Q

How does skin contribute to the immune system?

A

Skin can both alert the immune system and temper it’s response

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5
Q

How does skin contribute to Thermoregulation?

A

Skin plays a role in insulation and absorption

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6
Q

How does skin contribute to appearance?

A

Appearance influences quality of life

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7
Q

What are the 3 layers of skin?

A

Epidermis, Dermis, and Hypodermis

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8
Q

Which layer of skin is highly cellular?

A

Epidermis

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9
Q

Which layer of skin has lots of Collagen?

A

Dermis

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10
Q

Which layer of skin do hair follicles originate from?

A

Dermis

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11
Q

What are the appendages of skin?

A

Hair, Sebaceous Glands, Sweat Glands, Nails

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12
Q

What type of cells are found in the Epidermis?

A

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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13
Q

What types of tissue are found in the Dermis?

A

Connective Tissue and Stroma

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14
Q

What separates the Dermis from the Epidermis?

A

A Basement Membrane

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15
Q

What layer of skin makes up most of skin?

A

Dermis

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16
Q

What is found in the Subcutaneous layer of skin?

A

Under the Dermis - high fat content

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17
Q

Describe the vascular supply of the Dermis and Epidermis?

A

The Dermis has a vascular supply, the Epidermis does not

Blood vessels from the Dermis must travel up to the Epidermis

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18
Q

What are the 4 layers of the Epidermis?

A

BSGS:

Basal Layer
Spinous Layer
Granular Layer
Stratum Corneum

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19
Q

Describe the cells of the Basal Layer of the Epidermis?

A

Basal Layer has Stem Cells for proliferation as well as Adhesion proteins to anchor to the Basement Membrane/Dermis

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20
Q

Describe the cells of the Spinous Layer of the Epidermis?

A

First step of differentiation, contains lots of Desmosomes to provide adhesive integrity to the skin

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21
Q

What layer of the Epidermis is responsible for the adhesiv integrity of the skin?

A

The Spinous Layer of the Epidermis

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22
Q

Describe the cells of the Granular Layer of the Epidermis?

A

Highly differentiated, with lots of Keratin Filaments and Lamellar bodies to exude Lipids

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23
Q

Describe the cells of the Stratum Corneum of the Epidermis?

A

Cells here die to form a superficial, Keratinized layer

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24
Q

What do Epidermal Basal layer cells look like on Histology

A

A single layer of Columnar cells

25
Q

What do Epidermal Spinous layer cells look like on Histology?

A

Multiple layers of rounded cells

26
Q

What do Epidermal Granular layer cells look like on Histology?

A

A few layers of granulated cells

27
Q

What do Epidermal Stratum Corneum layer cells look like on Histology?

A

Layers lacking nuclei

28
Q

What cell type is dominant in the Epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

29
Q

What are Corneocytes?

A

Terminally differentiated Keratinocytes found in the Stratum Corneum

30
Q

How do Keratinocytes change as they migrate up the Epidermis from the Basal layer?

A

Their expression patterns of Keratin and other proteins vary in each layer

31
Q

What are Langerhans Cells are where are they found?

A

Langerhans cells are APCs that are found in the Stratum Spinosum

32
Q

What are Melanocytes and where are they found?

A

Melanocytes are Melanin producing cells that are found in the Basal Layer of the Epidermis

33
Q

What are Merkel Cells and where are they found?

A

Merkel cells are mechanoreceptors found in the Basal Layer of the Epidermis

34
Q

What is the primary function of the Epidermis?

A

Forming a semi-permeable barrier

35
Q

How long does it take for the Epidermis to turn over?

A

30 days

36
Q

What is Desquamation?

A

The sloughing off of cells on the outer layer of skin, which are replenished by Stem cells in the Basal Layer of the Epidermis

37
Q

How does Psoriasis relate to Keratinocyte proliferation?

A

Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease with increased Keratinocyte proliferation and turnover driving abnormal differentiation and the formation of hypercellular plaques

38
Q

How does the Epidermis function as a semi-permeable barrier by replenishing cells?

A

Replenish cells constantly through stem cells in the basal layer of skin giving rise to new Keratinocytes in a continuous cycle

39
Q

How do Keratinocytes maintain shape?

A

They build cytoskeleton networks made of Microtubules, Actin-based microfilaments, and Keratin-based intermediate filaments

40
Q

How is the Epidermis connection to the Dermis mediated by Keratinocytes?

A

Keratinocytes from the Basal Layer of the Epidermis are linked to the Dermis with Hemidesmosomes

41
Q

What are Desmosomes?

A

Specialized junctions that Anchor Keratin to sites of cell-cell contact

42
Q

What allows for selective permeability in the Epidermis?

A

Tight junctions from proteins like Occludin

43
Q

What is the function of Lamellar Bodies?

A

Lamellar Bodies excrete lipids to form water proof seals

44
Q

What is the “brick and mortar” model of the Stratum Corneum?

A

Bricks are Corneocytes and Mortar is Lamellar Membrane

45
Q

What role do Corneocytes play in the organization of the Stratum Corneum?

A

Corneocytes are anucleated keratin-filled dead Keratinocytes that form a crosslinked membrane

46
Q

What role does the Lamellar Membrane play in the organization of the Stratum Corneum?

A

The Lamellar Membrane consists of Lipids extruded by Lamellar Bodies in Keratinocytes to forma hydrophobic seal

47
Q

How is the Dermis able to maintain the pliability of skin?

A

Fibroblasts in the Dermis secrete Collagen, Elastic, and Ground Substance to build a strong but flexible matrix

48
Q

What is Ground Substance?

A

Hydrophilic connective tissue gel made of GAGs secreted by Fibroblasts in the Dermis

49
Q

What type of fiber provides tensile strength to skin?

A

Collagen

50
Q

What type of fiber provides flexibility to skin?

A

Elastic fibers

51
Q

What cells can be found in the Dermis?

A 
Fibroblasts
Dermal Papilla Cells
Mast Cells
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
52
Q

What role do Dermal Papilla cells play?

A

Specialized fibroblasts that maintain the hair growth cycle

53
Q

What role do Mast cells in the Dermis play?

A

Release Heparin and Histamine to trigger Immediate Hypersensitivity reactions and Urticaria

54
Q

What role do Monocytes play in the Dermis?

A

Phagocytic debris clearance

55
Q

What role do Lymphocytes play in the Dermis?

A

Immunoregulation of the skin in both the Dermis and Epidermis

56
Q

What is a Pilosebaceous Unit?

A

Arrector Pilori + Hair shaft + Sebaceous Glands in Dermis

57
Q

What are Sebaceous glands?

A

Glands lined with Sebocytes that secrete lipids into a duct

58
Q

What are Apocrine and Eccrine glands?

A

Apocrine and Eccrine glands are sweat glands that are associated with hair and not associated with hair respectively

MSK/Derm (46 decks)

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