SM 221: Functional Anatomy of the Back Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 5 regions of the vertebral column?
A
CTLSC Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal
2
Q
What regions of the vertebral column are Cervical?
A
C1 - C7
3
Q
What regions of the vertebral column are Thoracic?
A
T1 - T12
4
Q
What regions of the vertebral column are Lumbar?
A
L1 - L5
5
Q
What regions of the vertebral column are Sacral?
A
S1 - S4
6
Q
What regions of the vertebral column are Coccygeal?
A
C1 - C4
7
Q
Describe the curvature of Kyphosis?
A
Kyphosis = convex posteriorly
8
Q
Describe the curvature of Lordosis?
A
Lordosis = convex anteriorly
9
Q
Describe the curvature of Scoliosis?
A
Scoliosis = lateral curvature
10
Q
Which regions of the vertebral column are normally Kyhosis?
A
The Thoracic and Sacral regions are normally convex posterior = Kyphosis
11
Q
Which regions of the vertebral column are normally Lordosis?
A
Naturally, cervical and lumbar segments of the vertebral column are convex anteriorly = Lordosis
12
Q
What are the parts of a Vertebra?
A
Body
Vertebral Arch
Transverse + Spinous Process
Articular Facets
Intervertebral Foramen
13
Q
What are the general functions of the vertebral column?
A
Support
Posture
Protection (CNS)
Locomotion
14
Q
What are the components of a vertebral column?
A
Vertebrae + intervertebral discs + ligaments/muscles
15
Q
Why is the vertebral column segmented?
A
It allows for more flexibility and shock absorption than one continous covering
16
Q
What defines a Thoracic portion of the vertebral column?
A
Thoracic vertebral column attaches to ribs
17
Q
Which portion of the vertebral column is fused in adulthood but separate in the fetal stage?
A
The Sacral portion is separate in the fetus and fused in adults
18
Q
What is the natural shape of the spinal column as a whole?
A
Naturally, it’s “S” shaped
19
Q
What causes the Cervical segment of the spine to develop Lordosis?
A
The Cervical Lordosis is natural and develops as the baby holds its head upright
20
Q
What causes the natural Lumbar Lordosis?
A
As the baby learns to walk, a natural Lumbar Lordosis develops
21
Q
What is Scheuermann’s disease?
A
Abnormal kyphosis that is common in adolescents
22
Q
What can cause abnormal Lordosis in adults?
A
Obesity, Pregnancy, Achondroplasia, Spondylolysthesis
23
Q
What is the function of the Spinous and Transverse processes in the vertebral columns?
A
The Spinous and Transverse processes are sites of muscle attachment
24
Q
What is the Vertebral Foramen?
A
A space filled by the Spinal Cord
25
Describe the size and shape of Cervical vertebrae?
Smallest vertebrae type
Body is Small
Foramen is Large
26
Describe the shape and size of Thoracic vertebrae?
Bigger than Cervical to support the ribs
Foramen is smaller than body
Large spinal processes to support muscle
27
Describe the size and shape of Lumbar vertebrae?
Largest bodies because they are where the legs attach
Blocky body and Small Foramen
28
What causes the formation of the Intervertebral foramen?
The Intervertebral Foramen forms when the vertebrae are stacked and the Inferior Articular facet of the higher Vertebrae and overlays the Superior Articular facet of the loewer Vertebrae
29
What is the functional significance of the Intervertebral Foramen?
The Spinal Nerve exits via the Intervertebral Foramen and is a potential source of Arthritis Pain
30
Why do bone growths cause pain?
Bone growths and spurs can impinge on the spinal cord or the spinal nerve as it exits the intravertebral foramen
31
What are the major ligaments of the Vertebral Column?
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Ligamentum Flava
Supra-spinous Ligament
32
What are the general functions of ligaments?
Prevent unwanted movement between vertebrae to protect joints and nerves
33
What symptoms can compression of the spinal column by misaligned vertebrae cause?
Pain
Parasthesia
Muscle Weakness
Paralysis
34
Which type of vertebral column ligament can rupture or be damaged during whiplash?
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament is susceptible to damage or rupture during Whiplash (car accident)
35
What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?
Prevent hyperextension
36
What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
Prevents hyperflexion
37
Where are ligamentum flava found?
Between adjacent laminae
38
What is the difference between the supraspinous and interspinous ligament?
The supraspinous ligament runs alongside the periphery of spinous proceses while the interspinous process connects adjacent spines from the bottom of the upper spine to the top of the lower spine
39
What is an intervertebral disc?
A shock absorber found between two stacked vertebrae that mediates intervertebral movements
40
What are the components of an intervertebral disc?
Fibrocartilage annulus + fibrogelatinous nucleus pulposus
41
Which component of an intervertebral disc is a remnant of the embryonic notochord?
The fibrogelatinous Nucleus Pulposus
42
How does an intervertebral disc herniation cause pain?
If the Fibrocartilage Annulus is weakened, the fibrogelatinous Nuclues Pulpous leaks into the neural canal and compresses the spinal cord or spinal nerves, causing pain
43
How are the muscles of the back divided and by what categories?
The muscles of the back are divided into Extrinsic and Intrinsic groups
Divided by DIF:
Developmental Origin
Innervation
Function
44
What are the two muscle groups of the back and how do they arise?
The two groups are: EDHV
Epimere (Dorsal) and Hypomere (Ventral)
The two groups arise when the primative muscle mass of the body wall splits at the intermuscular septum
45
Describe the developmental origin, innervation, and function of the epaxial muscles?
Epaxial = Intrinsic to Vertebral Column (Back):
Developmental Origin = Epimere (Dorsal)
Innervation = Posterior Rami
Function = Attach to and Move Vertebral Column
46
What are epaxial muscles?
Muscles that develop from the Epimere and form the intrinsic muscles of the vertebral column
47
What are hypaxial muscles?
Hypaxial muscles develop from the hypomere and are extrinsic to the vertebral column, hence they form the extrinsic muscle group
48
Describe the developmental origin, innervation, and function of epaxial muscles?
Epaxial muscles = Intrinsic to vertebral column (Anterior)
Developmental Origin = Epimere
Innervation = Dorsal Rami
Function = Extend and rotate the Spinal Cord
49
What forms the epimere and the hypmere?
The embryonic myotome
50
List the Extrisic Muscles of the back?
Extrinsic Muscles include:
Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Levator Scapulae
Rhomboids
Serratus Posterior Superior
Serratus Posterior Inferior
51
Is the Trapezius intrinsic or extrinsic?
Trapezius = Extrinsic
52
Where does the Trapezius attach?
The Trapezius attaches to the Scapula
53
What is the function of the Trapezius?
The Trapezius rotates and retracts the Scapula
Supported by the fact that it attaches to the Scapula
54
What innervates the Trapezius?
Unlike other extrinsic muscles, it is innervated by Cranial Nerve XI (Spinal Accessory Nerve) instead of a Ventral Rami
55
Is the Latissimus Dorsi intrinsic or extrinsic?
The Latisssimus Dorsi is Extrinsic
56
What is the function of the Latissimus Dorsi?
The Latissimus Dorsi extends and adducts the arm
57
What innervates the Latissimus Dorsi?
The Latissimus Dorsi is innervated by Anterior Rami from the posterior brachial plexus
58
Is the Levator Scapulae intrinsic or extrinsic?
The Levator Scapulae is extrinsic
59
Where does the Latissimus Dorsi attach?
The Latissimus Dorsi attaches to the Humerus
60
What is the function of the Levator Scapulae?
The Levator Scapulae elevates the Scapula when shrugging
61
Where does the Levator Scapulae attach?
The Levator Scapulae attaches to the Scapula
62
What innervates the Levator Scapulae?
Since it's an Extrinsic Muscle, it's innervated by a Ventral Rami
63
Are the Rhomboids intrinsic or extrinsic?
The Rhomboids are Extrinsic
64
Where do the Rhomboids attach?
Rhomboids attach to the Scapula
65
What is the function of the Rhomboids?
Rhomboids retract the Scapula
66
What innervates the Rhomboids?
Since they're an Extrinsic muscle, the Rhomboids are innervated by Ventral Rami
67
Where are the Serratus Posterior Superior and Inferior found?
Under the Rhomboids and Latissimus Dorsi respectively
68
What is the function of the Serrratus Posterior Superior and Anterior?
Unknown, possibly support breathing since they attach to the ribs
69
In what 3 ways can the intrinsic muscles move the vertebral column?
Extension, lateral bending, and rotation
70
What motion is this and which muscle group of the back could mediate it?
Extension/Flexion
Intrinsic muscles mediate Extension but not Flexion
71
What motion is this and which muscle group of the back could mediate it?
Lateral bending, and could be mediated by intrinsic muscle groups
72
What motion is this and which muscle group of the back could mediate it?
Rotation, and could be mediated by the intrinsic muscle group
73
Lifting a heavy object involves what type of movement and what muscle group?
Lifting a heavy object involves Extension, which is mediated by the muscles of the lower back
Bend knees = recruit legs = less strain on back
74
What is the physical limitation of extension?
Limbs in the Thoracic region limit extension
75
Where do the Splenius muscles attach?
Splenius Capitus attaches at head
Splenius Cervicis attaches at neck
76
What is the function of the Splenius muscles?
Splenius capitus and cervicis mediate:
Bilateral Extension
Ipsilateral Rotation
Lateral bending
77
What innervates the Splenius muscles?
Like all intrinsic muscles, the Splenius is innervated by a Dorsal rami
78
In which direction do Splenius muscles point and are they deep or superficial to the Erector Spinae?
Splenius muscles are superficial to the Erector Spinae, and point upward and outward from the vertebral column
79
What is the function of the Erector Spinae?
The Erector Spinae mediate:
Extension
Lateral Bending
Ipsilateral Rotation
80
What innervates the Erector Spinae?
Like all intrinsic muscles of the back, the Erector Spinae are innervated by Dorsal Rami
81
In which direction do the Erector Spinae muscles pont and are they deep or superficial tothe Splenius?
The Erector Spinae are deep to the Splenius and point straight up
82
What are the component muscles of the Erector Spinae and in what order do they branch from the vertebral column?
The muscles of the Erector Spinae are:
Spinalis (Proximal to Vertebral Column)
Longissimus
Iliocostalis (Distal to Vertebral Column)
83
What's the deepest layer of the intrinsic muscle group of the back?
The Transversospinalis is the deepest layer of the intrinsic muscles of the back
84
What innervates the Transversopinalis?
Like all intrinsic muscle groups, the Transversopinalis is innervated by a Dorsal Rami
85
What are the functions fo the Transversospinalis?
The functions of the Transversospinalis include:
Contralateral rotation
Extension
Lateral Bending
86
In which direction do the muscle fibers of the Transversospinalis point?
The muscle fibers of the Transversospinalis point upward and inward
87
What muscles are blue?
Extrinsic muscles including Trapezius (superior aspects of vertebral column) and Latissimus Dorsi (inferior aspects of vertebral column)
88
What muscles are yellow?
Erector Spinae (not Splenius b/c that's head and neck)
89
What muscles are red?
Transversospinalis (the deepest layer of intrinsic muscle groups of the back)
