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MSK/Derm > SM 221: Functional Anatomy of the Back > Flashcards

SM 221: Functional Anatomy of the Back Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What are the 5 regions of the vertebral column?

A

CTLSC Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal

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2
Q

What regions of the vertebral column are Cervical?

A

C1 - C7

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3
Q

What regions of the vertebral column are Thoracic?

A

T1 - T12

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4
Q

What regions of the vertebral column are Lumbar?

A

L1 - L5

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5
Q

What regions of the vertebral column are Sacral?

A

S1 - S4

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6
Q

What regions of the vertebral column are Coccygeal?

A

C1 - C4

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7
Q

Describe the curvature of Kyphosis?

A

Kyphosis = convex posteriorly

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8
Q

Describe the curvature of Lordosis?

A

Lordosis = convex anteriorly

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9
Q

Describe the curvature of Scoliosis?

A

Scoliosis = lateral curvature

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10
Q

Which regions of the vertebral column are normally Kyhosis?

A

The Thoracic and Sacral regions are normally convex posterior = Kyphosis

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11
Q

Which regions of the vertebral column are normally Lordosis?

A

Naturally, cervical and lumbar segments of the vertebral column are convex anteriorly = Lordosis

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12
Q

What are the parts of a Vertebra?

A

Body
Vertebral Arch
Transverse + Spinous Process

Articular Facets
Intervertebral Foramen

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13
Q

What are the general functions of the vertebral column?

A

Support
Posture
Protection (CNS)
Locomotion

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14
Q

What are the components of a vertebral column?

A

Vertebrae + intervertebral discs + ligaments/muscles

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15
Q

Why is the vertebral column segmented?

A

It allows for more flexibility and shock absorption than one continous covering

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16
Q

What defines a Thoracic portion of the vertebral column?

A

Thoracic vertebral column attaches to ribs

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17
Q

Which portion of the vertebral column is fused in adulthood but separate in the fetal stage?

A

The Sacral portion is separate in the fetus and fused in adults

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18
Q

What is the natural shape of the spinal column as a whole?

A

Naturally, it’s “S” shaped

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19
Q

What causes the Cervical segment of the spine to develop Lordosis?

A

The Cervical Lordosis is natural and develops as the baby holds its head upright

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20
Q

What causes the natural Lumbar Lordosis?

A

As the baby learns to walk, a natural Lumbar Lordosis develops

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21
Q

What is Scheuermann’s disease?

A

Abnormal kyphosis that is common in adolescents

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22
Q

What can cause abnormal Lordosis in adults?

A

Obesity, Pregnancy, Achondroplasia, Spondylolysthesis

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23
Q

What is the function of the Spinous and Transverse processes in the vertebral columns?

A

The Spinous and Transverse processes are sites of muscle attachment

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24
Q

What is the Vertebral Foramen?

A

A space filled by the Spinal Cord

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25
Q

Describe the size and shape of Cervical vertebrae?

A

Smallest vertebrae type
Body is Small
Foramen is Large

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26
Q

Describe the shape and size of Thoracic vertebrae?

A

Bigger than Cervical to support the ribs

Foramen is smaller than body
Large spinal processes to support muscle

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27
Q

Describe the size and shape of Lumbar vertebrae?

A

Largest bodies because they are where the legs attach
Blocky body and Small Foramen

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28
Q

What causes the formation of the Intervertebral foramen?

A

The Intervertebral Foramen forms when the vertebrae are stacked and the Inferior Articular facet of the higher Vertebrae and overlays the Superior Articular facet of the loewer Vertebrae

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29
Q

What is the functional significance of the Intervertebral Foramen?

A

The Spinal Nerve exits via the Intervertebral Foramen and is a potential source of Arthritis Pain

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30
Q

Why do bone growths cause pain?

A

Bone growths and spurs can impinge on the spinal cord or the spinal nerve as it exits the intravertebral foramen

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31
Q

What are the major ligaments of the Vertebral Column?

A

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Ligamentum Flava
Supra-spinous Ligament

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32
Q

What are the general functions of ligaments?

A

Prevent unwanted movement between vertebrae to protect joints and nerves

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33
Q

What symptoms can compression of the spinal column by misaligned vertebrae cause?

A

Pain

Parasthesia
Muscle Weakness
Paralysis

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34
Q

Which type of vertebral column ligament can rupture or be damaged during whiplash?

A

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament is susceptible to damage or rupture during Whiplash (car accident)

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35
Q

What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Prevent hyperextension

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36
Q

What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Prevents hyperflexion

37
Q

Where are ligamentum flava found?

A

Between adjacent laminae

38
Q

What is the difference between the supraspinous and interspinous ligament?

A

The supraspinous ligament runs alongside the periphery of spinous proceses while the interspinous process connects adjacent spines from the bottom of the upper spine to the top of the lower spine

39
Q

What is an intervertebral disc?

A

A shock absorber found between two stacked vertebrae that mediates intervertebral movements

40
Q

What are the components of an intervertebral disc?

A

Fibrocartilage annulus + fibrogelatinous nucleus pulposus

41
Q

Which component of an intervertebral disc is a remnant of the embryonic notochord?

A

The fibrogelatinous Nucleus Pulposus

42
Q

How does an intervertebral disc herniation cause pain?

A

If the Fibrocartilage Annulus is weakened, the fibrogelatinous Nuclues Pulpous leaks into the neural canal and compresses the spinal cord or spinal nerves, causing pain

43
Q

How are the muscles of the back divided and by what categories?

A

The muscles of the back are divided into Extrinsic and Intrinsic groups

Divided by DIF:
Developmental Origin
Innervation
Function

44
Q

What are the two muscle groups of the back and how do they arise?

A

The two groups are: EDHV
Epimere (Dorsal) and Hypomere (Ventral)

The two groups arise when the primative muscle mass of the body wall splits at the intermuscular septum

45
Q

Describe the developmental origin, innervation, and function of the epaxial muscles?

A

Epaxial = Intrinsic to Vertebral Column (Back):

Developmental Origin = Epimere (Dorsal)
Innervation = Posterior Rami

Function = Attach to and Move Vertebral Column

46
Q

What are epaxial muscles?

A

Muscles that develop from the Epimere and form the intrinsic muscles of the vertebral column

47
Q

What are hypaxial muscles?

A

Hypaxial muscles develop from the hypomere and are extrinsic to the vertebral column, hence they form the extrinsic muscle group

48
Q

Describe the developmental origin, innervation, and function of epaxial muscles?

A

Epaxial muscles = Intrinsic to vertebral column (Anterior)

Developmental Origin = Epimere

Innervation = Dorsal Rami

Function = Extend and rotate the Spinal Cord

49
Q

What forms the epimere and the hypmere?

A

The embryonic myotome

50
Q

List the Extrisic Muscles of the back?

A

Extrinsic Muscles include:
Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Levator Scapulae

Rhomboids

Serratus Posterior Superior
Serratus Posterior Inferior

51
Q

Is the Trapezius intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

Trapezius = Extrinsic

52
Q

Where does the Trapezius attach?

A

The Trapezius attaches to the Scapula

53
Q

What is the function of the Trapezius?

A

The Trapezius rotates and retracts the Scapula

Supported by the fact that it attaches to the Scapula

54
Q

What innervates the Trapezius?

A

Unlike other extrinsic muscles, it is innervated by Cranial Nerve XI (Spinal Accessory Nerve) instead of a Ventral Rami

55
Q

Is the Latissimus Dorsi intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

The Latisssimus Dorsi is Extrinsic

56
Q

What is the function of the Latissimus Dorsi?

A

The Latissimus Dorsi extends and adducts the arm

57
Q

What innervates the Latissimus Dorsi?

A

The Latissimus Dorsi is innervated by Anterior Rami from the posterior brachial plexus

58
Q

Is the Levator Scapulae intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

The Levator Scapulae is extrinsic

59
Q

Where does the Latissimus Dorsi attach?

A

The Latissimus Dorsi attaches to the Humerus

60
Q

What is the function of the Levator Scapulae?

A

The Levator Scapulae elevates the Scapula when shrugging

61
Q

Where does the Levator Scapulae attach?

A

The Levator Scapulae attaches to the Scapula

62
Q

What innervates the Levator Scapulae?

A

Since it’s an Extrinsic Muscle, it’s innervated by a Ventral Rami

63
Q

Are the Rhomboids intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

The Rhomboids are Extrinsic

64
Q

Where do the Rhomboids attach?

A

Rhomboids attach to the Scapula

65
Q

What is the function of the Rhomboids?

A

Rhomboids retract the Scapula

66
Q

What innervates the Rhomboids?

A

Since they’re an Extrinsic muscle, the Rhomboids are innervated by Ventral Rami

67
Q

Where are the Serratus Posterior Superior and Inferior found?

A

Under the Rhomboids and Latissimus Dorsi respectively

68
Q

What is the function of the Serrratus Posterior Superior and Anterior?

A

Unknown, possibly support breathing since they attach to the ribs

69
Q

In what 3 ways can the intrinsic muscles move the vertebral column?

A

Extension, lateral bending, and rotation

70
Q

What motion is this and which muscle group of the back could mediate it?

A

Extension/Flexion

Intrinsic muscles mediate Extension but not Flexion

71
Q

What motion is this and which muscle group of the back could mediate it?

A

Lateral bending, and could be mediated by intrinsic muscle groups

72
Q

What motion is this and which muscle group of the back could mediate it?

A

Rotation, and could be mediated by the intrinsic muscle group

73
Q

Lifting a heavy object involves what type of movement and what muscle group?

A

Lifting a heavy object involves Extension, which is mediated by the muscles of the lower back

Bend knees = recruit legs = less strain on back

74
Q

What is the physical limitation of extension?

A

Limbs in the Thoracic region limit extension

75
Q

Where do the Splenius muscles attach?

A

Splenius Capitus attaches at head
Splenius Cervicis attaches at neck

76
Q

What is the function of the Splenius muscles?

A

Splenius capitus and cervicis mediate:
Bilateral Extension

Ipsilateral Rotation
Lateral bending

77
Q

What innervates the Splenius muscles?

A

Like all intrinsic muscles, the Splenius is innervated by a Dorsal rami

78
Q

In which direction do Splenius muscles point and are they deep or superficial to the Erector Spinae?

A

Splenius muscles are superficial to the Erector Spinae, and point upward and outward from the vertebral column

79
Q

What is the function of the Erector Spinae?

A

The Erector Spinae mediate:
Extension
Lateral Bending
Ipsilateral Rotation

80
Q

What innervates the Erector Spinae?

A

Like all intrinsic muscles of the back, the Erector Spinae are innervated by Dorsal Rami

81
Q

In which direction do the Erector Spinae muscles pont and are they deep or superficial tothe Splenius?

A

The Erector Spinae are deep to the Splenius and point straight up

82
Q

What are the component muscles of the Erector Spinae and in what order do they branch from the vertebral column?

A

The muscles of the Erector Spinae are:
Spinalis (Proximal to Vertebral Column)
Longissimus
Iliocostalis (Distal to Vertebral Column)

83
Q

What’s the deepest layer of the intrinsic muscle group of the back?

A

The Transversospinalis is the deepest layer of the intrinsic muscles of the back

84
Q

What innervates the Transversopinalis?

A

Like all intrinsic muscle groups, the Transversopinalis is innervated by a Dorsal Rami

85
Q

What are the functions fo the Transversospinalis?

A

The functions of the Transversospinalis include:
Contralateral rotation
Extension
Lateral Bending

86
Q

In which direction do the muscle fibers of the Transversospinalis point?

A

The muscle fibers of the Transversospinalis point upward and inward

87
Q

What muscles are blue?

A

Extrinsic muscles including Trapezius (superior aspects of vertebral column) and Latissimus Dorsi (inferior aspects of vertebral column)

88
Q

What muscles are yellow?

A

Erector Spinae (not Splenius b/c that’s head and neck)

89
Q

What muscles are red?

A

Transversospinalis (the deepest layer of intrinsic muscle groups of the back)

MSK/Derm (46 decks)

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