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MSK/Derm > SM 222: Organization of the Upper Limb > Flashcards

SM 222: Organization of the Upper Limb Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the components of a single joint system?

A

Bone(s) Joint(s) Ligaments Muscle(s) Nerves (Motor and Sensory)

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2
Q

What connects a bone to a bone?

A

A ligament

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3
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Connective tissue that links a bone to a muscle Tendon’s involve muscle to bone because muscle is tender

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4
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Connective tissue that links a bone to a bone

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5
Q

What connects a bone to a mucle?

A

A tendon Tendon’s involve muscle to bone because muscle is tender

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6
Q

What is the function of Deep Fascia in a limb?

A

Deep Fascia separates the limb into compartments in both the upper and lower limbs

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7
Q

How are muscles in the same compartment related?

A

Muscles in the same compartment share:

Embryological origin
Nerve and blood supply
Attachment points
Function

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8
Q

How do limbs relate to the body wall?

A

Limbs are outgrowths of the body wall and therefore are innervated by spinal nerves

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9
Q

Which limb is innervated by the Brachial Plexus?

A

Brachial = Arm

Brachial Plexus innervates the arm

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10
Q

What levels and which type of rami feed into the Brachial plexus?

A

Because the Brachial Plexus supplies the arm, and the arm is a limb, it is made of Ventral Rami

Specifically, it is supplied by the C5 - T1 Ventral Rami

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11
Q

What are the outputs of the Brachial Plexus and what do they supply?

A

The Brachial Plexus and it’s outputs supply the arm

It’s outputs include MRMU:

Musculocutaneous Nerve
Radial Nerve
Median Nerve
Ulnar Nerve

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12
Q

What determines the type and range of motion at a joint?

A

The shape of the articulation determines the type and range of motion at a joint

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13
Q

What are ball and socket joints?

A

Joints that permit movement on several axes

Ex = Shoulder and Hip

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14
Q

What are condylar joints?

A

Joints with 2 different radii of curvature that allow for motion in one major and one minor direction

Ex = Knee

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15
Q

What are hinge joints?

A

Joints that permit motion in only one direction

Ex = Elbow

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16
Q

How does joint mobility relate to stability?

A

More mobile joints are inherently less stable and more prone to injury

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17
Q

What type of joint is most mobile?

A

Ball and socket joints

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18
Q

What is the most mobile joint in the body?

A

The shoulder, a ball and socket joint

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19
Q

What tpe of joint permits motion in one major and one minor axis?

A

A condylar joint such as the knee

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20
Q

What type of joint permits motion in only one direction?

A

A hinge joint permits motion in only one direction, such as the elbow

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21
Q

What type of joint permits motion in many axes?

A

Ball and socket, because it’s the most mobile, such as the shoulder

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22
Q

What type of joint is most stable?

A

A hinge joint is most stable, such as the elbow

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23
Q

What are ligaments made of and how do they protect joints?

A

Ligaments = connective tissue

Limit range of motion + prevent movement in unwanted direction

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24
Q

What is a “sprain”?

A

Damage to a ligament

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25
Q

What are the general roles of muscles?

A

Generate forces to move the body and stabilize the body against other forces

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26
Q

What should you think about when framing a muscle?

A

It’s name, attachment, action, and innervation

Probably set by it’s compartment

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27
Q

How can you tell if a muscle acts on a joint?

A

Muscles only act on joints they cross

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28
Q

What are muscle protagonists and antagonists and why are they relevant?

A

Protagonist muscles perform an action
Antagonist muscles perform the opposite action

The muscles work together to protect joints and ensure smooth movement

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29
Q

What are the protagonists and antagonists in extension of the elbow?

A

Extension = moving elbow to straigthen arm

Protagonist = triceps
Antagonist = biceps
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30
Q

What are the protagonists and antagonists in flexion of the elbow?

A

Flexion = curling the elbow

Protagonist = biceps
Antagonist = triceps
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31
Q

What region does the “arm” refer to?

A

Arm = shoulder to elbow

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32
Q

What region does the “forearm” refer to?

A

Forearm = elbow to wrist

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33
Q

What are the 5 joints of the shoulder region?

A

Glenohumeral = Humerus + Scapula + Clavicle
Acromioclavicular
Coracoclavicular
Sternoclavicular = Clavicle + Sternum

Scapulothoracic (fake)

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34
Q

Why is the Sternoclavicular joint important?

A

The Clavicle meets the Sternum at the Sternoclavicular joint

This is the only way to connect the Scapula to the Axial skeleton, since Glenohumeral is ball and socket and Acromio/Coracoclavicular hold shoulder together but don’t connect to the Axial skeleton

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35
Q

What joint connects the Scapula to the Axial body wall?

A

It technically isn’t directly connected and is free to move against the dorsal body wall

However, the Sternoclavicular joint connects the Clavicle to the Sternum, and the Scapula is connected to the Sternum

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36
Q

Which shoulder joint is a Synnovial joint?

A

Acromioclavicular Joint

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37
Q

Which shoulder joint is purely ligaments?

A

Coracoclavicular

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38
Q

Which shoulder joint is the largest?

A

Glenohumeral, connecting the Glenoid surface of the Scapula to the head of the Humerus

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39
Q

What bones and what parts of those bones does the Glenohumeral joint connect?

A

Glenohumeral = Scapula + Humerus

Glenoid Surface of Scapula
Head of Humerus

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40
Q

What type of motion is the Glenohumeral joint capable of and why?

A

The Glenohumeral joint can move in all 3 planes:

Abduction/Adduction
Flexion/Extension
Internal and External Rotation
Circumduction = Ab/Ad + Flex/Ext

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41
Q

Compare Abduction and Adduction?

A

Abduction is moving away from the midline
Adduction is moving toward the midline

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42
Q

Compare Flexion and Extension?

A

Flexion is increasing the angle between two things
Extension is decreasing the angle between two things

At the shoulder, flexion is moving arm forward and extensino is moving arm backward

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43
Q

Compare Medial and Lateral Rotation?

A

Medial rotation involves a joint rotating towards the midline
Lateral rotation involves a joing rotating away from the midline

At the shoulder, with the arm at a right angle, Medial is rotating inward while lateral is outward

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44
Q

What type of motion does the Acromioclavicular joint facilitate?

A

The AC joint is a synnovial joint and only allows vor very small sliding motion

Anchors the scapula to the clavicle

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45
Q

What type of motion does the Coracoclavicular joint allow?

A

A fibrous joint that links the coracoid process of the scapula to the clavicle, it allows very little motion

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46
Q

Explain the basis of separated shoulder?

A

Separated shoulder occurs if the Acromiclavicular joint or the Coracoclavicular joint were to be severed

The Scapula is no longer anchored to the Clavicle, and as a result, the shoulder sags

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47
Q

What is the importance of the Sternoclavicular joint?

A

It allows for the arm to move relative to a fixed Axial body

48
Q

Why is the Scapolothoracic “joint” not real?

A

It isn’t an actual joint, the Scapula is just embedded in muscle which can freely move around the posterior thoracic body wall

49
Q

What is the Scapulothoraic Rhythm?

A

Because the Scapula is not physically held to the body wall, the Scapula itself can rotate in addition to the movement caused by the joints it’s linked to

The Scapulothoracic Rhythm refers to 2 degrees of movement in the Glenohumeral joint to 1 degree of rotation of the Scapula itself

50
Q

Are the ligaments of the Glenohumeral joint strong, and why or why not?

A

Most are weak to allow for range of motion at the cost of stability

Exception is the very strong Coracromial Ligament, which prevents dislocation of the Humerus

51
Q

What is the role of the Coracromial Ligament and where does it act?

A

The Coracromial Ligament is found in the shoulder at the Glenhumeral joing prevens upward dislocation of the Humerus

It’s strong

52
Q

What are the major sources of stability in the Glenhumeral joint?

A

The major sources of stability are the tendons of rotator cuff muscles and the Coracoaromial Ligament

53
Q

What defines a rotator cuff muscle?

A

The tendons of a rotator cuff muscle fuse with the capsulse of the Glenhumeral joint

54
Q

What are the shoulder Extensors?

A

DLT

Deltoid
Latissimus Dorsi
Triceps Brachii

55
Q

What are the shoulder Flexors?

A

Flexors = DPB

Deltoid
Pectoralis Major
Biceps Brachii

56
Q

Which muscles are shoulder Abductors?

A

Abductors = DS

Deltoid
Supraspinatus

57
Q

What are the shoulder Adductors?

A

Adductors = LT

Latissimus Dorsi
Teres Major

58
Q

What are the shoulder internal rotators?

A

Internal = TS

Teres Major
Subscapularis

59
Q

What are the shoulder external rotators?

A

External = IT

Infraspinatus
Teres minor

60
Q

What is the major mediator of shoulder flexion and what nerve supplies it?

A

Bicepsi Brachii and Musculocutaneous mediate shoulder flexion

61
Q

What is the major mediator of shoulder extension and what nerve supplies it?

A

The Triceps brachii is the major mediator of shoulder extension, and it is supplied by the Radial nerve

62
Q

What are the major mediators of shoulder abduction and what nerves supply them?

A

Deltoid and Supraspinatus
Axillary and Suprascapular

63
Q

What are the major mediators of shoulder adduction and what nerves supply them?

A

Latissimus Dorsi and Teres major by Subscapular Nerve
Pectoralis major by Lateral Pectoral Nerve

64
Q

What are the major mediators of shoulder internal rotation and what nerves supply them?

A

Teres and major and Subscapularis
Subscapular nerve

65
Q

What are the major mediators of shoulder external rotation and what nerves supply them?

A

Infraspinatus and Teres minor
Suprascapular and Axillary nerves

66
Q

What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles?

A

SSIT

Supraspinatus
Subscapularis
Infraspinatus
Teres minor

67
Q

What quandrant of the rotator cuff is mostly likely to dislocate and why?

A

The anterior-inferior quadrant is mostly likely to dislocate because it is not reinforced by a rotator cuff muscle

68
Q

Which compartment of the arm is a flexor and which is extensor?

A 
Anterior = flexor
Posterior = extensor
69
Q

What muscles are found in the flexor compartment of the arm and what action do they mediate?

A

Biceps Brachii (superficial)
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis (deep)

All mediate flexion of shoulder and elbow

70
Q

What nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the arm and what mucles are found there?

A

The Musculocutaneous Nerve supplies:

Biceps Brachii
Coracobrachialis
Brachialis

All in the anterior compartment of the arm

71
Q

What skeletal landmarks are found in the anterior compartment of the arm and which muscles are they associated with?

A

Coracoid Process + Radial Tuberosity

Coracoid Process = Biceps brachii and Coracobrachialis

Radial Tuberosity = Biceps brachii and Brachialis

72
Q

What muscle in the anterior compartment is associated with two skeletal landmarks, and which ones?

A

Biceps brachii is associated with 2 landmarks:

Coracoid Process + Radial Tuberosity

73
Q

What is the major muscle of the posterior component of the arm, what action does it perform, and what nerve supplies it?

A

Muscle = Triceps brachii
Extends shoulder and elbow
Supplied by Radial nerve

74
Q

What is the skeletal landmark of the posterior arm?

A

The olecranon process of the ulna

75
Q

What is the wrist flexor of the anterior forearm?

A

Wrist flexor = flexor carpi radialis

76
Q

What are the wrist and digital flexors of the anterior forearm?

A

Flexor digitorum sperfucialis

Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus

77
Q

What are the forearm pronators?

A

Pronator teres

Pronator quandruatus

78
Q

What actions are performed by muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Anterior = flexion

Flexing the wrist and/or digits
Pronating the forearm

79
Q

What nerves supply the anterior forearm?

A

Ulnar nerve to flexor digitorum profundus
Median nerve to everything else

80
Q

What is the skeletal landmark of the forearm?

A

The Medial epicondyle of the humerus

81
Q

What are the general types of muscles in the anterior forearm?

A

Pure wrist flexors

Wrist and Digital flexors

Forearm Pronators

82
Q

What is the wrist extensor of the posterior forearm?

A

Extensor capri radialis

83
Q

What are the wrist and digit extensors of the posterior forearm?

A

Extensor digitorum
Extensor pollicis

84
Q

What is the thumb abductor for the posterior forearm?

A

Abductor pollicis longus

85
Q

What is the forearm supinator of the posterior forearm?

A

Supinator

86
Q

What actiosn are performed by the posterior forearm?

A

Extending the wrist and/or digits
Abduct the thumb
Supinate the forearm

87
Q

What nerve supplies the posterior forearm?

A

Radial nerve for everything

88
Q

What is the skeletal landmark of the posterior forearm?

A

The lateral epicondyle of the humerus

Unlike the anterior forearm, which has the medial epicondly of the humerus as a landmark

89
Q

What nerve exiting the Brachial plexus supplies the Deltoid?

A

Axillary Nerve (Ventral Rami)

90
Q

What are the 3 anterior compartment nerves of the arm and forearm?

A 
Arm = musculocutaneous nerve for Flexion
Forearm = median + ulnar nerves for Flexion + Pronation
91
Q

What actions are controlled by the Axillary nerve?

A

Shoulder abduction and lateral rotation

92
Q

What actions are controlled by the Radial nerve?

A

Extension of shoulder, elbow, wrist, digits
Supination via Supinator

93
Q

Whatactions are controlled by Musculocutaneous nerve?

A

Flexion of shoulder and elbow
Supination via Biceps brachii

94
Q

What actions are controlled by the Median nerve?

A

Flexion of Wrist, Digits, Thumb
Pronation
Thumb opposition, abduction

95
Q

What actions are controlled by the Ulnar nerve?

A

Flexion of the Wrist, DIP of digits 4 and 5, MCP
Digit abduction, adduction

Extension of IP

96
Q

What is the Labrum?

A

The Labrum is a fibrocartilagenous attachment that enlarge the Glenoid of the Scapula

The Labrum may tear off and cause a SLAP lesion

97
Q

Which muscle(s) Flex the shoulder and what nerve(s) innervate them?

A

Biceps Brachii - Musculocutaenous

98
Q

Which muscle(s) Extend the shoulder and what nerve(s) innervate them?

A

Triceps Brachii - Radial

99
Q

Which muscle(s) Abduct the shoulder and what nerve(s) innervate them?

A

DS

Deltoid - Axillary

Supraspinatus - Suprascapular

100
Q

Which muscle(s) Adduct the shoulder and what nerve(s) innervate them?

A

LTP
Latissimus Dorsi - Subscapular

Teres Major - Subscapular

Pectoralis Major - Lateral Pectoral

101
Q

Which muscle(s) Medially Rotate the shoulder and what nerve(s) innervate them?

A

TS

Teres Major = Subscapular

Subscapularis = Subscapular

102
Q

Which muscle(s) Laterally Rotate the shoulder and what nerve(s) innervate them?

A

IT (like outsourced = external)

Infraspinatus = Suprascapular

Teres Minor = Axillary

103
Q

What nerve innervates the Subscapularis muscle, and what action does it meditate?

A

Subscapular nerve innervates Subscapularis
Medial rotation of shoulder

104
Q

What nerve innervates the Supraspinatus and what action does it mediate?

A

The Suprasapular nerve innervates the Supraspinatus
Abduction of the shoulder

105
Q

What nerve innervates the Infraspinatus, and what action does it mediate?

A

The Suprascapular nerve innervates the Infraspinatus
Lateral rotation of the shoulder

106
Q

What nerve innervates Teres minor and what action does it mediate?

A

The Axillary nerve innervates Teres minor and the Deltoid
Teres minor is a lateral rotator of the shoulder

107
Q

What does the Long Thoracid Nerve innervates?

A

Serratus Anterior

108
Q

What are the branches of the Posterior Cord of the Brachial Plexus?

A

SAR

Subscapular - Lat Dorsi, Teres Major
Axillary - Delts, Teres Minor

Radial - Posterior Arm and Forearm

109
Q

What do the Subscapular nerves innervate, and which cord of the Brachial Plexus do they derive from?

A

Latissimus Dorsi and Teres Major
Posterior Cord

110
Q

What do the Axillary nerves innervate, and which cord of the Brachial Plexus do they derive from?

A

Deltoid and Teres Minor

Posterior Cord

111
Q

What do the Radial nerves innervate, and which cord of the Brachial Plexus do they derive from?

A

Posterior Arm and Posterior Forearm

Posterior Cord

112
Q

What are the branches of the Medial and Lateral Cords of the Brachial Plexus and what do they innervate?

A

UMM
Ulnar - ulnar forearm and instrinsic hand

Median - radial forearm, thenar compartment

Musculocutaneous - anterior arm

113
Q

What do the Ulnar nerves innervate, and which cord of the Brachial Plexus do they derive from?

A

Ulnar forearm, intrinsic hand

Medial/Lateral Cords

114
Q

What do the Median nerves innervate, and which cord of the Brachial Plexus do they derive from?

A

Radial Forearm, Thenar Compartment

Medial/Lateral Cords

115
Q

What do the Musculocutaneous nerves innervate, and which cord of the Brachial Plexus do they derive from?

A

Anterior Arm

Medial/Lateral Cords

MSK/Derm (46 decks)

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