Skin IV Flashcards
describe the classification of Mycobacterium species
cutaneous TB can be caused by ____ which can lead to ___ and ____
cutaneous TB can be caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis which can cause tuberculosis verrucosa and lupus vulgaris
in mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex, the bacteria survive inside ____ and cause _____
in mycobacterium avium - intracellulare complex, the bacteria survive inside macrophages and cause lymphadenitis
Mycobacterium kansasii causes chronic infection of ____ and causes fever, swollen ____ and lung ____ and ____
Mycobacterium kansasii causes chronic infection of the lungs and causes fever, swollen lymph nodes and lung crackles and wheezing
Mycobacterium marinum causes ____ granulomas and single ___ or ____ where a cut was that breaks down to form a crusty sore or abscess
Mycobacterium marinum causes fish tank granulomas and single lump or pustule where a cut was that breaks down to form a crusty sore or abscess
the optimal growth of Mycobacterium marinum occurs at ____ and the bacteria rarely causes ____
the optimal growth of Mycobacterium marinum occurs at low temperatures and the bacteria rarely causes lung disease
Mycobacterium ulcerans causes ____ and is commonly found in ____
Mycobacterium ulcerans causes Buruli ulcer and is commonly found in Central and West Africa around areas of lush vegetation and swamps
Mycobacterium ulcerans initially causes a ____ and after 1-2 months the ____ breaks down to form a ____
Mycobacterium ulcerans initially causes a nodule and after 1-2 months the nodule breaks down to form a shallow ulcer (Buruli ulcer)
Mycobacterium chelonae causes ____ wounds, ____ nodules or abscess and is a ___ grower on medium
Mycobacterium chelonae causes non-healing wounds, subcutaneous nodules or abscess and is a rapid grower on medium
M. chenloae are increasing in patients with ____
M. chenloae are increasing in patients with cystic fibrosis
name the 2 Mycobacterium species that are considered rapid growers
- M. chenolae
- M. fortuitum
M. fortuitum often infects ____ and ____
M. fortuitum often infects wounds and surgical-site infections
M. fortuitum can cause local ____ disease, ____, ____ infections, and ____ disease
M. fortuitum can cause local cutaneous disease, osteomyelitis, joint infections, and ocular disease
Mycobacterium spp. are stained with ___ on ____ medium
Mycobacterium spp. are stained with Ziehl Neelson on Lowenstein-Jensen medium
list the stages of Ziehl Neelson staining
Mycobacterium leprae is a ____-growing organism that multiples in ____ and ____
Mycobacterium leprae is a slow-growing organism that multiples in macrophages and Schwann cells
describe the clinical presentation of leprosy
anesthesia of skin lesions
peripheral nerve thickening and tenderness
change of pigmentation
in tuberculoid leprosy, there is ____ with ____ borders or a large ____-pigmented ____ which is asymmetrical
in tuberculoid leprosy, there is a large single red patch with well-defined borders or a large hypo-pigmented macula which is asymmetrical
in lepromatous leprosy, there are many ____ with extensive ____
in lepromatous leprosy, there are many erythematous macula, papules or nodules with extensive disfiguring skin lesions
in tuberculoid leprosy (aka ____), there is a strong ____-mediated immunity, ____ in tissues with few bacilli and ____ infectivity
in tuberculoid leprosy (aka Paucibacillary Hansen disease), there is a strong cell-mediated immunity (TH1),granulomain tissues with few bacilli andlow infectivity
in lepromatous leprosy (aka ____), there is a strong ____-mediated immunity, abundant ___ in skin and peripheral nerves and is _____
in lepromatous leprosy (aka Multibacillary Hansen disease), there is a strong humoral-mediated immunity, abundant bacilli in skin and peripheral nerves and is infectious
transmission of leprosy is via ____ or ____
transmission of leprosy is via inhalation of infectious aerosols or skin contact with resp. secretions and wound exudates
leprosy is endemic in ____ (animal)
leprosy is endemic in armadillos
M. leprae cannot grow in ____
M. leprae cannot grow in cell-free cultures
list the 3 characteristics of chronic disease caused by Actinomycosis
- abscess formation
- tissue fibrosis
- draining sinus
describe the characteristics of Actinomyces
in Actinomycosis, the sinus tracts discharge purulent material containing ____
in Actinomycosis, the sinus tracts discharge purulent material containing sulfur granules
list the risk factors for Actinomycosis
- dental procedures
- poor dental hygiene
- usse of IUDs
in about 50% of cases, the initial lesion in Actinomycosis is ____
in about 50% of cases, the initial lesion in Actinomycosis is cervicofacial (“lumpy jaw”)
the traiditional treatment for Actinomycosis is ____ for prolonged periods of time along with ___ of diseased tissue
the traiditional treatment for Actinomycosis is high-dose antibiotics for prolonged periods of time along with surgical removal of diseased tissue
death due to Rickettsia is ascribed to damage of ___, resulting in ____
death due to Rickettsia is ascribed to damage of endothelial cells, resulting in leakage of plasma, decrease in blood volume and shock
2 stains that can be used for Rickettsia organisms are ____ and ____
2 stains that can be used for Rickettsia organisms are Maccchiavello stain and Giema stain
in the ____ test, anti-rickettsial antibodies cross-react and agglutinate
in the Weil-Felix test, anti-rickettsial antibodies cross-react and agglutinate
R. prowazekii is transmitted via ___ and causes acute ____
R. prowazekii is transmitted via lice and causes acute febrile illness
in North America, the ____ is the reservoir for R. prowazekii
in North America, the flying squirrel is the reservoir for R. prowazekii
contrast Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis
the pathogenesis of Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME) is that it blunts the ____ by suppressing production of ____ which leads to ____
the pathogenesis of Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME) is that it blunts the immune system by suppressing production of TNF-a which leads to opportunistic infections (e.g. candidiasis)
Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA) has very similar symptoms to HME, except that in HGA, ___ is very rare
Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA) has very similar symptoms to HME, except that in HGA, rash is very rare
___ are the main reservoir for L. interrogans (causes leptospirosis)
rats are the main reservoir for L. interrogans (causes leptospirosis)
describe the clinical signs of Leptospirosis
- sudden high fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, conjunctivitis, vomiting
- skin presentation = petechial rash that lasts less than 24 hours
in Leptospirosis, the skin presentation is ____ which lasts ____
in Leptospirosis, the skin presentation is petechial rash which lasts less than 24 hours
70% of patients with Lyme disease develop a ____ rash (____)
70% of patients with Lyme disease develop a bull’s eye rash (erythema migrans)
Lyme disease has a complex ____-year cycle
Lyme disease has a complex 2-year cycle
Lyme disease is a non-fatal, slowly progressive syndrome that mimics ___ and ____
Lyme disease is a non-fatal, slowly progressive syndrome that mimics neuromuscular and rheumatoid conditions
if untreated, Lyme disease can progress to ___ and ____ symptoms with ____
if untreated, Lyme disease can progress to cardiac and neurological symptoms with polyarthritis
