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Micro Term 4 > RTI IV > Flashcards

RTI IV Flashcards

1
Q

describe MERS vs SARS

A
  • MERS = URT AND LRT involvement (SOB), GI symptoms, lung parenchyma
  • SARS = mainly LRT (not commonly URT)
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2
Q

list the clinical symptoms of H. influenzae

A
  • clinical symptoms:
    • otitis media, pneumonia, epiglottitis, meningitis
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3
Q

what is the most common cause of epiglottitis?

A

H. influenzae = most common cause of epiglottitis; swelling of epiglottis and supraglottic tissues due to bacterial infxn

also associated: S. pneumoniae

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4
Q

H. influenzae is (G+ve/G-ve) and is ____ (shape)

A

H. influenzae is G-ve and is a coccobacillus

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5
Q

H. influenzae is serotyped according to ____; type b is particularly associated with _____

A

H. influenzae is serotyped according to capsule (a to f);

type b is particularly associated with invasive disease and therefore has a vaccine for it (Hib)

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6
Q

the _____ on H. influenzae attaches to sialic acid-containing mucin oligosaccharides

A

the P-2 outer membrane protein on H. influenzae attaches to sialic acid-containing mucin ol igosaccharides

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7
Q

the LPS of H. influenzae impairs _____

A

the LPS of H. influenzae impairs ciliary function, endotoxin

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8
Q

describe the capsule of H. influenzae (function and composition)

A

antiphagocytic capsule is composed of polyribose ribitol phosphate (PRP)

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9
Q

H. influenzae is coagulase (positive/negative) and catalase (positive/negative)

A

H. influenzae is coagulase negative and catalase positive

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10
Q

describe the culture of H. influenzae

A
  • culture requires chocolate agar (blood cells in lysed form) with X and V growth factors
    • X factor = acts as hemin
    • V factor = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
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11
Q

describe what is seen

A
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12
Q

describe epiglottitis seen in H. influenzae

A
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13
Q

describe tripod positioning and what it is seen in

A
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14
Q

describe the Sketchy

A
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15
Q

Moraxella catarrhalis is (G+ve/G-ve) and _____ (shape)

A

Moraxella catarrhalis is G-ve and diplococcus

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16
Q

Moraxella catarrhalis is a common cause of ____ in children and _____ in elderly

A

Moraxella catarrhalis is a common cause of otitis media in children and acute exacerbation of COPD in elderly

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17
Q

describe the pathogenesis of Moraxella catarrhalis in otitis media

A
  • initial step = colonization of nasopharynx
  • migration from nasopharynx to middle ear through eustachian tube
  • migration usually precipitated by viral URI
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18
Q

describe the pathogenesis of Moraxella catarrhalis in acute exacerbation of COPD

A
  • altered mucociliary fxn
  • airway colonization and infxn
  • triggered b acquisition of new strains
19
Q

describe the diagnosis of Moraxella catarrhalis

A
  • lab diagnosis:
    • G-ve diplococcus
    • blood and chocolate agar: round, opaque colonies
    • hockey puck sign (colonies move when touched without disintegrating)
    • colonies take pink color after 48 hours
  • differentiate from Neisseria by:
    • MC = DNase +ve, Nitrate reduction +ve
20
Q

how is it possible to differentiate between Moraxella catarrhalis and Neisseria?

A

MC = DNase +ve and nitrate reduction +ve

21
Q

Moraxella catarrhalis produce ___ which make them resistant to ____

A

Moraxella catarrhalis produce B-lactamses which make them resistant to penicillins

22
Q

list the molecular mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of Moraxella catarrhalis

A
  • molecular mechanisms
    • adherence to resp. epi.
    • intracellular invasion
    • complement resistance
    • biofilm formation
    • induction of inflammation
    • as a co-pathogen
23
Q

describe the symptoms of flu in adults

A
  • rapid onset after short incubation of 1-4 days
  • sudden malaise and headache
  • abrupt rise of fever, chills, severe muscle aches, loss of appetite, non-productive cough
  • recovery complete in 7-10 days
24
Q

describe the symptoms of the flu in children

A
  • same as those in adults, plus:
    • higher fever
    • GI symptoms (vomiting, abdominal pain)
    • earache (otitis media)
    • muscle pain and sometimes swelling
    • croup often but not always
    • febrile convulsions (children under 3 = rare)
25
Q

describe flu vs. cold

A
26
Q

name the rare neurological syndromes associated with influenza

A
  • Guillain Barre syndrome
  • encephalitis
  • Reye syndrome in children: made worse by aspirin and aspirin-containing drugs
27
Q

describe the biology of influenza virus

A
  • family = orthomyxovirus
    • enveloped
    • 7 or 8 segments of negative sense ssRNA
      • 8 = A and B
      • 7 = C
28
Q

the M2 protein (ion channel) is found ONLY in influenza __

A

the M2 protein (ion channel) is found ONLY in influenza A

29
Q

describe the unique features of influenza virus

A
30
Q

describe the origin of influenza A, B and C

A
31
Q

2 lineages of influenza ___ circulate in the population; Victoria-like and Yamagata-like

A

2 lineages of influenza B circulate in the population; Victoria-like and Yamagata-like

32
Q

hemagluttinin (H) aids the virus in _____

while

neurominidase (N) aids the virus in _____

A

hemagluttinin (H) aids the virus in adhering to resp. tissue

while

neurominidase (N) aids the virus in penetrating resp. tissue

33
Q

describe the role of hemagluttinins in influenza A

A
  • major antigen against which neutralizing antibodies are directed
    • highly variable: responsible for evolution of new strains
  • requires cleavage to be active:
    • carried out by cellular proteases
    • proteases probably define tissue tropism
34
Q

influenza pathogenesis: ____ occurs at the onset of symptoms or just before the onset of illness (0-24 hours)

A

influenza pathogenesis: viral shedding occurs at the onset of symptoms or just before the onset of illness (0-24 hours)

35
Q

influenza pathogenesis: systemic symptoms are caused by _____ while local symptoms result from ______

A

influenza pathogenesis: systemic symptoms are caused by interferon and cytokine response while local symptoms result from epithelial damage, including ciliated mucus-secreting cells

36
Q

influenza pathogenesis: ____and ____ response play important role in immune resolution and immunopathogenesis

A

influenza pathogenesis: interferon and cell-mediated immune response (NK and T cells) response play important role in immune resolution and immunopathogenesis

37
Q

the HA and NA of influenza A virus can undergo _____ and ______

A

the HA and NA of influenza A virus can undergo major (reassortment: shift; A only) and (mutation: drift; both A and B)

38
Q

describe antigenic drift vs. antigenic shift

A
39
Q

antigenic drift is seen in strains ____ while antigenic shift is seen in strains ____

A

antigenic drift is seen in strains A, B, C (less frequent)while antigenic shift is seen in strain A only

40
Q

describe lab diagnosis of influenza

A
  • serology: 4-fold rise in the antibody titer between acute and convalescent phase sera
  • detection of viral nucleic acids via RT-PCR or hybridization
41
Q

describe the role of amantadine and rimantadine

A
  • inhibit uncoating of influenza A; only target is M2 protein
  • no effect on influenza B or C
42
Q

describe the role of Zanamivir and Oseltamivir

A
  • inhibit neuraminidase: without this, virus binds to its own sialic acid and forms useless clumps → blocks release
  • works on influenza A and B, not C
43
Q

Aspergillus sp. causes acute ___ in severely immunocompromised patients (e.g. ____)

A

Aspergillus sp. causes acute pneumonia in severely immunocompromised patients (e.g. neutropenia)

44
Q

the 3 symptoms of Aspergillus are….

A
  • deadly invasive pneumonia
  • hemoptysis
  • high mortality

Micro Term 4 (33 decks)

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