GI Persistent/Chronic Diarrhea Flashcards
describe characteristics of Giardia intestinalis
flagellated protozoan
describe conditions that can lead to Giardia infection
- waterborne/foodborne disease:
- poor sanitation
- travel to endemic countries
- recreational water; streams, lakes
describe the pathogenesis of Giardia
infection by Giardia is caused by ingestion of ____
infection by Giardia is caused by ingestion of cysts
in a Giardia infection, ____ multiply and attach to (but do NOT invade) the _____
trophozoites multiply and attach to (but do NOT invade) the epithelial cells of the SI
describe diagnosis of Giardiasis
- routine O&P examination
- 3 stools over several days
- microscopic stool examination for:
- cysts and trophozoites
- ELISA
the diagnostic form in Giardiasis are the ___ and ____
the diagnostic form in Giardiasis are the cysts and trophozoites
describe the Sketchy
Cyclospora cayetanensis is a ______
Cyclospora cayetanensis is a coccidian protozoan
Cyclospora cayetanensis is commonly found in ____
Cyclospora cayetanensis is commonly found in developing countries; tropics & subtropics
infection by Cyclospora cayetanensis is caused by ingestion of _____
infection by Cyclospora cayetanensis is caused by ingestion of oocysts (similar to Cryptosporidian, which is also a coccidian protozoan)
in an infection with Cyclospora cayetanensis, ____ attaches to and invades the SI
in an infection with Cyclospora cayetanensis, sporozoites attaches to and invades the SI
describe diagnosis of Cyclospora cayetanensis infection
- O&P:
- oocysts
- differential staining with modified Ziehl-Neelsen
Cyclospora cayetanensis & Cryptosporidium can be differentially stained with ____
Cyclospora cayetanensis & Cryptosporidium (both are coccidian protozoans) can be differentially stained with modified Ziehl-Neelsen
Cystoisospora belli is a _____
Cystoisospora belli is a coccidian parasite
Cystoisospora belli (aka Isospora belli) is commonly found in ____
Cystoisospora belli (aka Isospora belli ) is commonly found in tropical/subtropical (South America, Africa, SE Asia)
Cystoisospora belli is commonly found in (4 locations) in the US
Cystoisospora belli is commonly found in the US in:
- immunosuppressed
- immigrants from Latin America
- daycare centers
- psychiatric institutions
similar to Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora, infection with Cystoisospora is caused by ingestion of ____
similar to Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora, infection with Cystoisospora is caused by ingestion of oocysts
Entamoeba histolytica is a _____
Entamoeba histolytica is a pseudopod forming protozoa
Entamoeba histolytica is endemic to ____
Entamoeba histolytica is endemic to developing countries (temperate climates)
describe the outcomes of Entamoeba infections
- outcomes:
- asymptomatic (approx. 80%)
- intestinal amoebiasis (amoebic diarrhea & dysentery)
Entamoeba infection can also lead to extraintestinal amoebiasis, such as ____
Entamoeba infection can also lead to extraintestinal amoebiasis, such as liver abscess
infection with Entamoeba is caused by ingestion of ____
infection with Entamoeba is caused by ingestion of cysts
in an Entomeoba infection, after ingestion of cysts, they under excystation to release _____, which are nucleated, ___-shaped
after ingestion of cysts, they under excystation to release trophozoites, which are nucleated, flask-shaped
in an infection with Entamoeba, the ____ attach to the _____
in an infection with Entamoeba, the trophozoites attach to the large intestine mucosa
describe amoebic liver abscess
- right lobe predominant
- 1-3 months post dysentery
- predominantly adult males
- defective cell-mediated immunity + T cells suppression, defective proliferative response
describe diagnosis of an Entamoeba infection
- routine O&P
- insensitive
- cysts and trophozoites
the diagnostic form in Entamoeba are the ___ and ____
the diagnostic form in Entamoeba are the trophozoites and cysts
describe the Sketchy
Balantidium coli is a ____
Balantidium coli is a ciliated protozoan
____ are the reservoir for B. coli
pigs are the reservoir for B. coli
(Ex: water contaminated with pig feces)
list the clinical manifestations of B. coli
- asymptomatic
- intermittent diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss
- fulminant colitis (blood and mucus)
infection with B. coli is caused by ingestion of ____
infection with B. coli is caused by ingestion of cysts
infection with B. coli leads to excystation of cysts in the ___, followed by colonization of the ____ by ____
infection with B. coli leads to excystation of cysts in the SI, followed by colonization of the LI by trophozoites
describe diagnosis of B. coli infection
- not routine O&P
- cysts not frequent
- invasive disease: endoscopy
- necrosis & ulceration
- trophozoites from scrapings
the diagnostic form in B. coli are the ___
the diagnostic form in B. coli are the trophozoites
describe the diagnosis of Cystoisproa belli
what makes it unique?
diagnosis = oocysts
unique because of autofluorescence
