Blood and Lymphatics II and III Flashcards
Filarial worms are thin, filamentous ____ that are acquired following a bite from _____ vectors, namely _____ and _____
Filarial worms are thin, filamentous nematodes that are acquired following a bite from arthropod vectors, namely black flies (Simulium) and mosquitoes
name the 3 classifications of filariasis and the organisms that cause them
- lymphatic:
- Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Brugia timori
- subcutaneous:
- Loa loa, Onchocerca volvulus
- serous cavity:
- Mansonella spp.
the highest disease burdens of filariasis are in… (3 countries)
India, Nigeria, Indonesia
describe the transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti
describe the clinical disease of lymphatic filariasis
describe how some cases of lymphedema can progress to elephantiasis
lymphatic filariasis is acquired in ____
lymphatic filariasis is acquired in childhood
describe how to recognize “sub-clinical” lymphatic drainage
lymphoscintigraphy and/or ultrasonography
describe the direct methods to diagnose filariasis
describe an indirect method of testing for filariasis
Babesiosis is an ____-borne disease caused by a _____ that infects ______
Babesiosis is an arthropod-borne disease caused by a non-motile, protozoal parasite that infects RBCs
Babesia microti is the causative parasite within the ___ and ____ region of the US
Babesia microti is the causative parasite within the Northeast and Midwest rregion of the US
Babesiosis is transmitted by ____ (___ spp.)
Babesiosis is transmitted by deer tick (Ixodes spp.)
describe the transmission of Babesiosis
describe the clinical symptoms of Babesiosis
- most symptoms of B. microti infection are non-specific, mild-to-moderate viral-like and self-resolving
- the incubation period for acute illness is from 1-4 weeks or longer
describe the populations in which Babesiosis can be life-threatening
- asplenic individuals
- immunocompromised
- organ damage or failure
- elderly
describe the complications of babesiosis
- low and unstable blood pressure
- severe hemolytic anemia
- thrombocytopenia
- DIC/consumptive coagulopathy
- organ damage/failure
- death
describe the diagnosis of Babesiosis
- blood smears are diagnositc
- Babesiosis can be misdiagnosed as malaria since multiple forms similar to Plasmodia are visible within RBCs
- B. microti merozoites appear as elliptical “pear-shaped” forms sometimes seen as tetrads (Maltese cross) within RBCs
- confirmation includes IFA
describe what is seen in the image
describe methods to prevent and control Babesiosis
describe the Sketchy
summarize the differences between Babesiosis and malaria (P. falciparum)
Plasmodium spp. are ____ parasites that invade ___
Plasmodium spp. are non-motile, protozoal parasites that invade RBCs
in humans, P. ovale, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. falciparum and transmitted by _____
in humans, P. ovale , P. vivax , P. malariae , and P. falciparum and transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito
describe the Plasmodium life cycle
in an exo-erythrocytic stagte following infxn, ___ infect ___ which go on to produce ____ by _____
in an exo-erythrocytic stagte following infxn , sporozoites infect hepatocytes which go on to produce merozoites by schizogony
in the erythrocytic stage, ____ infect ____ and are propagated within them by ____
in the erythrocytic stage, merozoites infect RBCs and are propagated within them by schizogony
______ are products of the _____ stage; they are retrieved by a mosquito during a subsequent bite and fuse within the mosquito gut to produce a ______
gametocytes (male and female) are products of the erythrocytic stage; they are retrieved by a mosquito during a subsequent bite and fuse within the mosquito gut to produce a zygote
describe the clinical symptoms of malaria
- malaria presents with flu-like symptoms:
- (fever, headache, muscle pain, nausea)
- periodic cycles of chills, high fever and rigors (paroxysms)
- RBC lysis results in anemia and the spleen grows as it attempts to clear the parasite from the blood → splenomegaly
describe benign tertian malaria and the species that cause it
- P. vivax and P. ovale (less frequently) = benign tertian malaria
describe quartan malaria and the species that causes it
describe malignant tertian malaria and the species that cause it
summarize the Plasmodium species
describe direct diagnostic tests for malaria
- direct diagnostic tests include:
- molecular: PCR detects parasite nucleic acids
- rapid tests: detect parasite antigen
- parasites in blood smear (Gold standard)
describe the complications of P. falciparum
list genetic factors and acquired factors that may lead to malaria resistance
- genetic factors:
- sickle cell disease
- alpha and beta thalassemia
- G6PD
- hemolytic anemia
- Duffy antigen mutation
- acquired:
- repeated malarial infections may induce partial protective immunity leading to absence of typical malarial symptoms
