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Micro Term 4 > Resp. Tract Infections I & II > Flashcards

Resp. Tract Infections I & II Flashcards

1
Q

contrast the upper and lower respiratory tracts

A
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2
Q

name the 3 enzymes that play a role in non-specific defenses of the URT

A
  • S-IgA
  • lysozyme
  • lactoferrin
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3
Q

describe situations where defenses of the respiratory system are defeated/surpassed

A
  • smoking
  • endotracheal intubation
  • pollution
  • suppression of cough reflex
  • predisposing infxn
  • disruption of homeostasis
    • age, malnutrition, immunosuppression, underlying disease, etc.
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4
Q

describe the types of pathogens

A
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5
Q

name an example of professional and secondary pathogen

A
  • primary/professional/frank = influenza
  • secondary/opportunistic = pneumococcal pneumonia
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6
Q

____ are the most common cause of resp. tract infections

A

viruses are the most common cause of resp. tract infections

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7
Q

name the 6 major families of viruses that cause RT infxns

A
  1. adenovirus
  2. rhinoviarus
  3. corona virus
  4. HPIV
  5. RSV
  6. influenza virus
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8
Q

describe rhinovirus

A
  • small, icosahedral, non-enveloped virus
  • contain one positive-strand RNA
  • labile at acidic pH
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9
Q

___ infections cause up to 50% of all common cold

name the seasons it is prevalent in

A

human rhinovirus (HRV) infections cause up to 50% of all common colds

seasonality: spring, summer, fall

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10
Q

the normal flora of the URT varies with ____ & _____

A

the normal flora of the URT varies with age & location

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11
Q

describe other complications of rhinovirus

A
  • can lead to:
    • secondary infxns of sinuses and middle ear
    • LRT infections such as pneumonia, bronchiolitis in young children and immuno-compromised adults

viral pneumonia

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12
Q

describe the pathogenesis of rhinovirus

A
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13
Q

name features of rhinovirus and how it helps its pathogenesis

A
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14
Q

describe the Sketchy

A
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15
Q

describe the claslsification of adenoviruses

A
  • linear, ds DNA
  • medium-sized (90-100 nm)
  • non-enveloped, icosahedral
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16
Q

describe characteristics of adenovirus

A
  • virus encodes proteins to promote mRNA and DNA synthesis, including its own DNA polymerase
  • human adenovirus are grouped from A through G by DNA homolgies and by serotypes (>55 human types)
    • serotype is mainly a result of differences in the penton base and fiber protein which determine the nature of tissue tropism and disease
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17
Q

describe the outcomes of adenoviruses

A
  • outcomes of adenoviral infxns:
    • lytic, e.g. mucoepithelial cells (killing cells)
    • latent, e.g. adenoid cells
18
Q

describe the epidemiology of adenovirus

A
  • endemic throughout the year
  • typically affects children from infancy to school age
  • young adults in a setting of close quarters and stress may be affected
19
Q

describe respiratory diseases associated with adenoviruses and the patient population it affects

A
20
Q

describe other diseases associated with adenoviruses

A
21
Q

describe the pathogenesis of adenovirus

A
22
Q

____ enables attachment of adenovirus to the host cell receptor

A

fiber protein enables attachment of adenovirus to the host cell receptor

23
Q

___ of the adenovirus has toxic activity, and the viral genes ____ inhibit cellular _____

A

penton base of the adenovirus has toxic activity, and the viral genes E1A, E1B, E3, E4 inhibit cellular mRNA synthesis

24
Q

the survival time for adenovirus is ____

A

the survival time for adenovirus is 7 days - 3 months

25
Q

describe the Sketchy

A
26
Q

describe the biology of coronavirus

A
  • single molecule of linear positive-sense, ssRNA
  • largest positive-strand RNA virus
  • helical nucleocapsid, enveloped
27
Q

describe the epidemiology of coronavirus

A
  • incidence peaks in winters
  • transmission usually via airborne droplets
  • antibodies appear after initial infxn and wanes
28
Q

describe major human coronavirus proteins

A
29
Q

describe the pathogenesis of coronavirus

A
30
Q

a unique aspect of the coronavirus replicative cycle is that replication occurs in the ____

A

a unique aspect of the coronavirus replicative cycle is that replication occurs in the cytoplasm

31
Q

a unique aspect in the replicative cycle of coronavirus is that the virus obtains its envelope from the ____, not from the _____

A

a unique aspect in the replicative cycle of coronavirus is that the virus obtains its envelope from the endoplasmic reticulum, not from the plasma membrane

32
Q

the ___ protein of the coronavirus allows binding to host cell and fusion activity

A

the E2 (peplomeric glycoprotein; aka spike protein) protein of the coronavirus allows binding to host cell and fusion activity

33
Q

describe the prognosis of coronavirus

A
  • prognosis:
    • excellent prognosis
    • usually mild and self-limiting illness
    • complete recovery is usually within 7 days for adolescents & adults; within 10-14 days for children
    • complications not common; very rarely causes fatal disease
34
Q

describe severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (case definition and lab diagnosis)

A
  • case definition
    • history of fever or documented fever AND
    • one or more symptoms of LRTI (cough, dyspnea/SOB) AND
    • radiologic evidence of pneumonia/ARDS or autopsy confirmation without identifiable cause
  • lab diagnostics:
    • antibodies by ELISA or IFA
    • viral DNA by RT-PCR
35
Q

describe the etiology of SARS

A
36
Q

describe the clinical features of SARS

A
37
Q

describe a probable clinical case of MERS

A
  • febrile acute respiratory illness with clinical, radiographic, or histopathologic evidence of pulmonary parenchymal disease AND
  • direct epidemiological link with a confirmed MERS-CoV case
38
Q

describe the clinical features and lab diagnosis of MERS

A
39
Q

describe clinical features of MERS

A
40
Q

describe the Sketchy

A
41
Q

describe enterovirus EV-D68

A

Micro Term 4 (33 decks)

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