skeletal system Flashcards
how many bones at birth and adulthood
over 300, over time some bones fuse and ad adulthood we have 206 bones
function and purpose of skeletal system
Framework for the body.
Protects organs in the body.
Blood cell production in the bone marrow.
Movement.
Mineral Storage, particularly calcium and phosphorus.
axial skeleton
skull, ribcage, vertebral column
appendicular skeleton
Upper and lower limbs and the girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.
joint
Point where 2 bones meet or articulate
fixed joints
Consists of many bones together (pelvis, skull)
hinged joints
2 bones that form a bend in only one direction (elbow, knee)
ball and socket joints
End of one bone looks like a ball that fits into the socket of the other bone (acetabulum
longest bone in body
femur
smallest bone in body
stapes
cartilage
Flexible bone-like substance making up ears, nose and parts of the ribs, knees and elbow
difference between men and women skeleton
Pelvic girdle size, and angle larger in women
Rib cage smaller, tapered at bottom and more rounded in women
Lower back is more lordotic in women
Bones of the jaw and wrists are larger in men
closed/simple fracture
bone is broken without external wound
hairline fracture
minor fracture where all portions of the bone are in perfect alignment
open or compound
Bone is broken, with external wound.
Bone pieces often pierce through skin.
complicated fracture
Broken bone has injured an internal organ (such as a broken rib puncturing a lung).
comminuted fracture
Broken bone has splintered into pieces.
impacted fracture
A broken bone wedges itself into the interior of another bone.
incomplete fracture
The line of the fracture does not go through the whole bone.
greenstick fracture
Occurs when one side of a long bone is fractured, and the other side is bent.
Seen most often in children.
colles
Occurs in the lower radius, above the wrist.
Results from flexing a hand to cushion a fall.
osteomyelitis
Infection of the bone and bone marrow.
Cause: Primarily pyogenic (pus-forming) bacteria. Begins with a trauma to a bone, causing a blood clot. Bacteria from an acute infection elsewhere in the body finds its way to the bone.
Difficult to treat.
Can be acute or chronic.
Good prognosis for acute cases.
Leads to bone death, stiffening or joint freezing (ankylosis).
Paget disease
Aka: osteitis deformans.
Chronic inflammation of bones.
Results in thickening and softening of bones.
Commonly affects: Long bones of legs, lower spine, pelvis and skull.
Seen in >40 year olds.
Cause: Unknown. May be linked to a slow virus.
Tx: Symptom control/relief.
osteoporosis
Common metabolic bone disorder in the elderly, particularly postmenopausal women.
S&S: Decreased bone density, bone pain, deformity of bones.
Leads to increased risk of bone fractures.
Tx: Prevention with adequate calcium, magnesium; regulate estrogen levels.
scoliosis
S or C-shaped, lateral curvature of the spine.
kyphosis
Humpback/hunchback, or outward curvature of the thoracic spine.
lordosis
Swayback, or inward curvature of the lumbar spine.
arthritis
Inflammation of a joint.
Accompanied by pain, swelling, structure changes.
Includes: Rheumatoid, osteo-, gouty, or gout.
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Commonly found in women 23-35 years of age.
Cause: Autoimmune disorder.
S&S: Crippling deformities.
Tx: No cure. NSAIDs, PT, braces used for symptom relief.
osteoarthritsis (OA)
Aka: Degenerative joint disease (DJD).
Most common connective tissue disease.
Leads to cartilage destruction and new bone formation at the edges of joints (bone spurs).
Less crippling than RA.
gouty arthrtitis
Aka: Gout.
Metabolic disease caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in blood.
These crystals can become deposited in joints or surrounding soft tissue causing pain and swelling.
Tx: Medication to reduce uric acid; dietary changes.
primary bone cancer
Cancer arising directly from the bone.
Very rare – Called sarcomas.
Fibrosarcoma = originates in cartilage.
Osteosarcoma = Originates in bone.
secondary bone cancer
Cancer arising somewhere else in the body and metastasizing to the bone.
Very prevalent – Usually originating from lung, breast or prostate.
