Blood, lymph immune systems and oncology

Question 1

what is blood composed of

Answer 1

55% plasma and 45% formed elements (thrombocytes, erythrocytes, monocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophil, eosinophils, basophil)

Question 2

blood

Answer 2

connective tissue made of plasma, RBC (erythrocytes), WBC (leukocytes), Platelets (thrombocytes)

Question 3

plasma

Answer 3

liquid portion of the blood
thin, colourless fluid
contains proteins, gases, nutrients, hormones, excretory products

Question 4

Ethrocytes (RBSs)

Answer 4

biconcave-shaped disk
most numerous of blood cells
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
always remains in bloodstream
contains iron-containing compound that gives the red colour

Question 5

leukocytes (WBCs)

Answer 5

protects the body against invasion by bacteria and foreign substances
removes debris from injured tissue

Question 6

5 different types of WBCs

Answer 6

1) neutrophils- phagocytic, first cell at site of injury, deficiency can result in death
2) eosinophils- release substances to neutralize toxins, levels increase during allergic reactions
3) basophils- release histamines, and heparin when tissue is damaged
triggers inflammation to increase blood flow, helps repair insured areas, heparin acts to prevent blood from clotting
4) monocytes- forms macrophages in tissues, phagocytosis
5) lymphocytes

Question 7

platelets

Answer 7

aka. thrombocytes
not true cells- fragments of cells
initiate blood clotting when injury occurs

Question 8

blood types

Answer 8

4 blood groups A, B, AB, O

based on the presence or absence of specific antigens

Question 9

lymph system

Answer 9

Consists of:
Fluid called lymph.
Lymph contains lymphocytes and monocytes.
Lymph vessels.
Structures: Nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils.

function
Maintain fluid balance in body.
Transport lipids from digestive organs for body tissue use.
Filter & remove unwanted products in lymph nodes.

Question 10

lymph vessels

Answer 10

Begins as capillaries.

Get larger as they pass through lymph nodes and lymphoid tissues.

Finally enter the bloodstream.

Question 11

lymph structures

Answer 11

Lymph Nodes:
Filter lymph.

Spleen:
Destroys old RBCs.
Stores healthy RBCs.
Acts as a filter.

Thymus:
Transforms lymphocytes into T-cells.
Cellular immunity.

Tonsils:
Filter for the upper respiratory system.

Question 12

immune system

Answer 12

With exposure to disease, the immune system identifies the invader (antigen), and develops a method for destruction.

Repeated exposure by the same invader results in the invader’s destruction before disease can occur.

Consists of:
Physical barriers – skin, mucous membranes.

Chemical and cell barriers – tears, saliva, gastric juices, neutrophils.

Question 13

cancer

Answer 13

Any one of a large number of diseases characterized by the development of abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably and have the ability to infiltrate and destroy normal body tissue.

Cancer also has the ability to spread throughout your body.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the North America

Survival rates are improving for many types of cancer, due to improvements in cancer screening and cancer treatment

Caused by changes (mutations) to the DNA within cells

DNA inside a cell contains a set of instructions telling the cell how to grow and divide

Errors in the instructions may allow a cell to become cancerous.

Question 14

CAUTION

Answer 14

Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in the breast, testicles, or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in the size, color, shape, or thickness of a wart, mole, or mouth sore
Nagging cough or hoarseness