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medical terminology > eye > Flashcards

eye Flashcards

1
Q

how does sight work

A

Light passes through cornea, pupil, lens, and vitreous body to stimulate sensory receptors (rods and cones) on the retina.

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2
Q

emmetropia

A

normal

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3
Q

normal

A

emmetropia

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4
Q

orbit

A

Cavity lined with fatty tissue that contains and cushions the eyeball.
Has several openings through which blood vessels and nerves pass.

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5
Q

muscles

A

Six short muscles provide support and rotary movement of the eyeball.
Connect the eyeball to the orbital cavity.
Four muscles are straight (rectus) muscles and two are slanted (oblique) muscles.

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6
Q

eyelids

A

Protect the eyeballs from intense light, foreign particles, and impact.
Edges have eyelashes and sebaceous glands, which secrete sebum into the eyelids.

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7
Q

conjunctivia

A

Mucous membrane that lines the underside of the eyelid and anterior surface of the eyeball.
Protective covering for the exposed surface of the eyeball.

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8
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A

Includes structures that produce, store, and remove the tears that cleanse and lubricate the eye.
Structures include: Lacrimal gland, ducts and canals.

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9
Q

eyeball

A

organ of vision

composed of 3 sections

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10
Q

eyeball- outer layer

A

Composed of the sclera and the cornea.
Posterior portion is the sclera (white)
Anterior portion is the cornea (transparent)

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11
Q

sclera

A

White” of the eye

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12
Q

cornea

A

Anterior transparent portion of the eye’s fibrous outer surface.
Surface is curved, allowing it to bend light rays to focus them on the retinal surface.

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13
Q

eyeball- middle layer

A

Lies below the sclera.

Consists of: Choroid, Ciliary Body and Iris.

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14
Q

choroid

A

Pigmented, vascular membrane.

Prevents internal reflection of light.

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15
Q

ciliary body

A

Thickened part of the vascular membrane.
Iris is attached.
Part of the ciliary body governs the convexity (curve) of the lens.
Secretes the aqueous humor (nutrient fluids) that nourish the cornea, the lens and surrounding tissues.

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16
Q

iris

A

Coloured membrane attached to the ciliary body.
Suspended between the lens and the cornea in the aqueous humor.
Circular opening in centre called the pupil.
Has 2 muscles which dilate or contract to regulate the amount of light admitted by the pupil

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17
Q

eyeball- inner layer

A

Contains: Lens and Retina.

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18
Q

lens

A

Colourless crystalline body.
Biconvex in shape
Enclosed in transparent capsule.
Suspended by ligaments just behind the iris.
Functions to sharpen the focus of light on the retina (called accommodation) by changing its shape.

19
Q

retina

A

Contains photoreceptive cells.
Translates light waves focused on its surface into nerve impulses.
Photosensitive cells are called rods and cones.
Absence of any rods or cones leads to blind spots in the field of vision.
Contains: Macula lutea and fovea centralis.

20
Q

mucula lutea

A

Small, yellow area of the retina.

Site where more than 6 million cone cells are grouped.

21
Q

fovea centralis

A

Tiny depression in the retina near the optic nerve.
Contains only cone cells.
Central focusing point within the eye.
Point of greatest visual acuity.

22
Q

rods

A

Function in dim light.
Provide low visual acuity (sharpness).
Do not respond to colour.

23
Q

cones

A

Active in bright light.
Have high visual acuity.
Respond to colour.

24
Q

errors of refraction (ametropia)

A

When light rays fail to focus sharply on the retina.
Due to: Defect in the lens, cornea, or the shape of the eyeball.
Includes: Myopia, astigmatism, hyperopia/hypermetropia and presbyopia.
Tx: Corrective lenses or LASIK surgery.

25
Q

myopia

A

nearsightedness
Can see objects up close, but objects at a distance are not in proper focus.
Image falls in front of the retina.

26
Q

Hyperopia/Hypermetropia

A

Farsightedness.
Can see objects at a distance, but objects up close are not in proper focus.
Image falls behind the retina.

27
Q

presbyopia

A

Form of farsightedness.
Can see objects at a distance, but objects up close are not in proper focus.
Caused by inability of the lens to accommodate because of loss of elasticity.
Occurs between ages 40-45-years (aging process).
Image falls behind the retina.

28
Q

astigmatism

A

Cornea or lens has a defective curve.

This curvature causes light rays to diffuse over a large area of the retina, rather than being sharply focused.

29
Q

LASIK Surgery

A

Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis surgery.
Procedure permanently changes the shape of the cornea.

procedure: Small incision is made to the cornea to produce a flap.
Flap is lifted while a laser reshapes the underlying corneal tissue.
Flap is replaced.
Surgery lasts about 15 minutes.

30
Q

cataracts

A

Opacities that form on the lens and impair vision.
Opacities produced by protein that slowly builds up over time until vision is lost.
Types: Age-related and congenital.
Tx: Removal of the clouded lens and replacement with an artificial, bendable intraocular lens (IOL).

31
Q

glaucoma

A

Characterized by increased intraocular pressure caused by:
Overproduction of the aqueous humor.
Failure of aqueous humor to drain from
the eye due to blockage.
Leads to atrophy of the optic nerve.
Most easily prevented cause of blindness.

32
Q

acute vs chronic glaucoma

A

Acute Glaucoma:
Rapid onset of symptoms.
Includes: Pain, redness of the eye, feeling of pressure, blurred vision, decreased visual acuity, moderately dilated and nonreactive pupil.
Without tx, blindness in 3-5 days.

Chronic Glaucoma:
Insidious (gradual) and usually not recognized until too late.
Includes: Mild aching, loss of peripheral visions, seeing halos around lights, and difficulty with night vision.

33
Q

prevention and treatment of glaucoma

A

Prevention:
Regular eye examinations.
Easily diagnosis.

treatment
Drugs to reduce the production of aqueous humor.
Eye drops to aid in the outflow.
Surgery to create an opening for circulation of fluid.

34
Q

strabismus (Heterotropia or tropia)

A

One eye is misaligned with the other
Eyes do not focus simultaneously when viewing an object.
Misalignment can be in any direction:
Esotropia (inward).
Exotropia (outward).
Up, down, or any combination of these.
Amblyopia (lazy eye) – Vision is suppressed in the “lazy” eye and child only uses “good” eye. Left untreated, blindness in the “lazy” eye results.

35
Q

treatment of strabismus

A 
Early detection.
Must be treated by the age of 6 years.
Eye patches.
Eye exercises.
Corrective lenses.
Surgery.
36
Q

muscular degeneration

A

Deterioration of the macula (the most sensitive portion of the retina).
Leads to loss of central visual field.
Leading cause of vision loss in North America.
Rarely leads to total blindness.
Causes: Toxic effects of some drugs, and age-related.
Two types: Wet and dry.
Wet: Small blood vessels form under the macula and leak destroying visual cells.
Dry: Small, yellowish deposits develop on the macula and interfere with central vision.

37
Q

treatment of macular degeneration

A

Depends on type and severity.

Laser surgery

38
Q

conjunctivitis (pink eye)

A

Inflammation of the conjunctiva.
Produces a red or pink eye; pain, swelling, and discharge.
Causes: Secondary to viral, Chlamydial, bacterial, or fungal infections; or allergy.
Tx: Depends on the cause. Antibiotics, antifungals, antihistamines.

39
Q

blepharitis

A

Inflammation of the eyelids.
Caused by excess secretions of the sebaceous glands.
Produces greasy scales and sticky, crusted eyelids; leads to itching and burning sensations.
Tx: Daily cleansing of the eyelids.

40
Q

retinal detachment

A

Characterized by the separation of the retina from the choroid layer of the eyeball.
Due to: Aging, hypertension, diabetes, trauma, and other systemic diseases.
Symptoms: Seeing floating spots, flashes of light, and gradual vision loss.

Tx:
Limiting eye movements with a patch, bed rest, sedation, appropriate positioning of head.
Laser beam can repair simple tears.
Surgery.

41
Q

surgical removal of the eye ball

A

enucleation

42
Q

nystagmus

A

condition of rapid, involuntary, rhythmic movements of the eyeball

43
Q

structure that prevents internal reflection of light

A

choriod

44
Q

function of retina

A

translate light waves into nerve impulses

medical terminology (33 decks)

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