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medical terminology > neurology > Flashcards

neurology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

purpose

A

Senses changes in internal and external environments, processes them and responds to maintain homeostasis.
Coordinates all voluntary and involuntary actions of the body.

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2
Q

2 types of cells

A

Neurons

Neuroglia

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3
Q

neurons

A

Cells that transmit impulses.
Identified by direction impulse travels:
Sensory (afferent) neurons transmit stimuli to the brain and spinal cord.
Motor (efferent) neurons transmit impulses from brain or spinal cord to muscles & glands.
Most nerves contain both types of fibres and are called mixed neurons.

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4
Q

cell body

A

Contains nucleus and organelles of the cell.

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5
Q

dendrites

A

Branched projections that receive impulses from other neurons and carry impulses to cell body.

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6
Q

axons

A

Long, single projections that carry impulses from cell body to muscles, glands, and other dendrites.

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7
Q

myelin sheath

A

Covering on many axons that acts as an electrical insulator.
Accelerates impulse transmission along axon.
Insulates axons to reduce chance of an impulse stimulating adjacent nerves.

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8
Q

schwann cell

A

Covering for axons formed by neuroglial cells.
Wraps tightly around axon to form the neurilemma, or neurolemma.
Space between Schwann cells is called the Node of Ranvier.
Space helps with nerve impulse conduction.

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9
Q

synapse

A

Small space found between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another.
Neurotransmitters released from an axon terminal travel across synapse to receptor sites on the dendrite of the next neuron.

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10
Q

neuroglia

A

Means “nerve glue”.
Support neurons and bind them to other tissues.
Play a role if the nervous system is injured and immune response.
Forms blood-brain barrier.
Helps develop myelin.

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11
Q

two main divisions

A

Central Nervous System (CNS).

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

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12
Q

central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord.
Enclosed by protective membranes called meninges.
Surrounded by Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)to protect.

brain- Main control centre for all body functions.

spinal cord- Main pathway for information transmission between brain and body.

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13
Q

cerebrum

A

Largest portion.

Functions: Sensory perception, interpretation, language, voluntary movement, emotional aspects of behaviour, memory.

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14
Q

cerebellum

A

Second largest portion.

Functions: Movement, equilibrium, balance.

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15
Q

diencephalon

A

Composed of thalamus and hypothalamus.
Functions: Thalamus receives sensory info to send to rest of brain. Hypothalamus integrates autonomic nerve impulse, body temperature, endocrine functions.

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16
Q

brain stem

A

Composed: Midbrain, medulla oblongata, and pons.
Functions: Attaches to spinal cord; pathway of message transmission from brain to spinal cord; pathway of cranial nerves; origin of the beginning of life.

17
Q

spina bifida

A

Types: Myelomeningocele or cleft spine; spina bifida occulta; meningoceles
Birth defect - backbone and/or spinal canal do not close before birth
Newborn has a sac sticking out of the mid to lower back that is opaque when shining a light behind it.
Loss of bladder or bowel control
Partial or complete lack of sensation and/or paralysis of the legs
Weakness of the hips, legs, or feet of a newborn
Abnormal feet or legs, such as clubfoot
Build up of fluid inside the skull (hydrocephalus)
Dimpling of the sacral area

18
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

Inflammatory disease that damages the myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord
Leads to demyelination and scarring as well as a broad spectrum of signs and symptoms

19
Q

cerebral palsy

A

Disorder of movement, muscle tone or posture that is caused by injury or abnormal development in the immature brain, most often before birth
Cerebral palsy is caused by an abnormality or disruption in brain development, usually before a child is born

20
Q

spinal cord injury

A

Damage to any part of the spinal cord or nerves at the end of the spinal canal
Often causes permanent changes in strength, sensation and other body functions below the site of the injury
Ability to control limbs after spinal cord injury depends on two factors:
Place of the injury along your spinal cord
Severity of injury to the spinal cord
The lowest normal part of your spinal cord is referred to as the neurological level of your injury
The severity of the injury is often called “the completeness“ (quadriplegia or paraplegia)

21
Q

cerebrovascular accident

A 
Sudden death of some brain cells due to lack of oxygen when the blood flow to the brain is impaired by blockage or rupture of an artery to the brain
Aka:  Stroke
Causes:
Thrombus/Embolism
Aneurysm
Head trauma/bleeding
 in the brain
Atherosclerosis
22
Q

epilepsy

A 
Disorder that results from the surges in electrical signals inside the brain, causing recurring seizures
Causes:
Genetic 
Head trauma
Medical disorders
Dementia 
Diseases such as meningitis, AIDS and                          viral encephalitis can cause epilepsy
Prenatal injury
Developmental disorders
23
Q

sleep apnea

A

Potentially serious sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts
You may have sleep apnea if you snore loudly and you feel tired even after a full night’s sleep.
Causes:
Obstruction of the airway
Muscles of the throat relaxing too much

24
Q

parkinsons

A 
Progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects your movement
Develops gradually
Causes:
Idiopathic
Possible gene mutations
Possible environmental triggers
25
Q

tumours

A

There are 120 different types of brain tumours and many different types of tumours of the nervous tissue
Includes: nervous tissue, brain tissue, glandular tissue and glial tissue
Both benign and malignant
See textbook for definitions

26
Q

encephalitis

A 
Inflammation of the brain
Cause:
Viral infections are the most common cause of the condition
Can also be caused by:  Bacteria, fungi, parasites
Tx:
Antiviral medications
Analgesic and antipyretic medications
Bed rest
Supportive therapy
Follow up therapy (PT, OT, Speech, etc.)
27
Q

shingles

A

Viral infection that causes a painful rash
Rash most often appears as a single stripe of blisters that wraps around either the left or the right side of your torso
Causes:
Varicella-zoster virus — same virus that causes chickenpox
After you’ve had chickenpox, the virus lies inactive in nerve tissue near your spinal cord and brain and the virus may reactivate as shingles years later

28
Q

concussion

A

A traumatic brain injury that alters the way your brain functions
Effects are usually temporary, but can include problems with headache, concentration, memory, judgment, balance and coordination
Causes:
Blow to the head
Blow or shaking of any upper body part

29
Q

contrecoup injury

A

A head injury, occurring on the side opposite the area that was impacted

30
Q

thrombosis/embolism

A

Thrombosis = Blood clots
Embolism = Blood clots that move from the original location
Causes a stroke or TIA if the clot is in the brain

31
Q

coma

A

A state of prolonged unconsciousness that can be caused by a variety of problems
Causes:
Traumatic head injury
Stroke
Brain tumor
Drug or alcohol intoxication
An underlying illness, such as diabetes or an infection.

32
Q

meningitis

A

Inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding your brain and spinal cord
Causes:
Mostly viral infection, but can also be bacterial or fungal
Tx:
Bed rest – may heal itself
Treat underlying cause

33
Q

cerebral contusion

A

Form of traumatic brain injury
A bruise of the brain tissue
Associated with multiple microhemorrhages
Small blood vessel leaks into brain tissue
Occurs in 20–30% of severe head injuries

34
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis of half the body

35
Q

quadriplegia

A

paralysis from neck down

36
Q

paraplegia

A

paralysis from waist down

37
Q

insomnia

A

Disorder that can make it hard to fall asleep, hard to stay asleep, or both
You usually awaken feeling unrefreshed

38
Q

tremor

A

Essential tremor is a nervous system disorder (neurological disorder) that causes a rhythmic shaking
Most often in your hands

medical terminology (33 decks)

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