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medical terminology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Endocrine system

A

Comprised of a system of ductless glands.

Produces specific effects on body functions by slow discharge of hormones directly into the bloodstream.

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2
Q

Pituitary Gland

A 
Known as the master gland.
Regulates many body functions.
Stimulates other glands to secrete their own specific hormones.
Size of pea.
Located at base of brain.
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3
Q

Hormones of the posterior pituitary gland

A

ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone):

Oxytocin:

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4
Q

Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland

A

ACTH (Adenocorticotropic hormone):

ACTH (Adenocorticotropic hormone):

FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone:

GH (Growth hormone) or Somatotropin:

LH (Luteinizing hormone):

Prolactin:

TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone):

MSH (Melanocyte-stimulating hormone):

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5
Q

ADH

A

(Anti-diuretic hormone)
ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone):
Targets kidneys.
Increases water reabsorption in the body

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6
Q

oxytocin

A

Love hormone
stimulate uterine contractions; initiates labour and promotes milk secretion
Targets uterus and mammary glands

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7
Q

ACTH

A

ACTH (Adenocorticotropic hormone):
Targets adrenal cortex.
Triggers the adrenal cortex to release its hormones

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8
Q

FSH

A

(Follicle-stimulating hormone:
Women: stimulates egg production and increases estrogen
Men: stimulates sperm production
Targets ovary, testes

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9
Q

GH or Somatotropin:

A

(Growth hormone) Stimulates growth in the body

Targets muscle, liver, bone and cartilage

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10
Q

LH

A

(Luteinizing hormone):Female: Promotes ovulation, increases estrogen and progesterone
Male: promotes secretion of testosterone
Targets ovaries, and testes

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11
Q

Prolactin

A

Promotes lactation

Targets mammary glands

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12
Q

TSH

A

(Thyroid-stimulating hormone):stimulates thyroid gland

targets thyroid gland

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13
Q

MSH

A

(Melanocyte-stimulating hormone):Stimulates melanocytes to give skin pigmentation
Targets melanocytes

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14
Q

pineal gland

A

Shaped like a pine-cone.
Located on the posterior portion of the brain.
Not a well studied gland.

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15
Q

Hormones of the pineal gland

A

Serotonin

melatonin

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16
Q

Serotonin

A

Well-being hormone
Precursor to melatonin
Targets practically entire body

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17
Q

Melatonin

A

Regulates sleep and wake
Increases in the evening
Targets practically entire body

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18
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Largest gland of the endocrine system.
H-shaped structure in the neck below the larynx.
Thyroid hormone affects every cell in the body except the adult brain, spleen, testes, uterus and thyroid gland itself.

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19
Q

Hormones of the Thyroid Gland

A

TH (Thyroid hormone)
T4 (Thyroxin):
T3 (Triiodothyronine):
Calcitonin

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20
Q

TH

A

(Thyroid hormone)
Composed of 2 active iodine-containing hormones, thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
Increases rate of oxygen consumption, which increases rate of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism.
Influences GH.
Plays role in maintaining BP.

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21
Q

T4 (Thyroxin):

A

Both hormones are responsible for regulating all aspects of metabolism
Regulate GH, BP, etc
Targets almost every cell of the body

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22
Q

T3 (Triiodothyronine):

A

Both hormones are responsible for regulating all aspects of metabolism
Regulate GH, BP, etc
Targets almost every cell of the body

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23
Q

Calcitonin

A

Released to decrease calcium levels in the blood
Works with PTH to maintain homeostasis
Target: blood

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24
Q

Parathyroid Gland

A

Consists of 4 separate glands on posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

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25
Q

Hormones of the Parathyroid Gland

A

PTH (Parathyroid hormone):

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26
Q

PTH

A

(Parathyroid hormone):Released to increase calcium levels in the blood
Works with calcitonin to maintain homeostasis
Targets intestines, bones, teeth, kidneys

27
Q

Pancreas

A

Lies inferior to stomach, in a bend of the duodenum.
Functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland.
Endocrine portion of pancreas consists of cells called islets of Langerhans.
Have 2 cell types that produce hormones regulate sugar and starch metabolism.

28
Q

Hormones of the pancreas

A

Insulin

Glucagon

29
Q

Insulin

A

Lowers blood sugar by transporting glucose into cells
Leftover glucose is converted to glycogen and stored in liver
Target: all cells

30
Q

Glucagon

A

Raises blood sugar by converting glycogen back into glucose and releasing into the blood
Targets liver and the blood

31
Q

Thymus Gland

A

Located below the sternum.
Aids in immune response.
Not well understood.

32
Q

Hormones of the thymus gland

A

Thymosin

33
Q

Thymosin

A

Regulates immune response
Declines with age
Target: immune system related

34
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

Paired glands covering the superior kidneys.
Aka: Suprarenal glands.
Divided into 2 sections:
Cortex (outer).
Medulla (inner).
Each section represents a distinct gland, secreting different hormones.

35
Q

Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Sex hormones

36
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Responsible for metabolism
Regulate inflammatory and immune response
Target: all body parts, all tissues

37
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Regulates sodium and potassium in the body

Targets kidneys

38
Q

Sex hormones

A

Androgens, Estogens, related steroid hormones
Only source of estrogen, responsible for libido in menopausal women
Target: all cells

39
Q

Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

40
Q

Epinephrine

A

Targets all body cells through nervous system
“Fight or Flight” response increase blood vessels, dilates pupils, digestion etc.
Targets: all cells

41
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Targets all body cells through nervous system
“Fight or Flight” response increase blood vessels, dilates pupils, digestion etc.
Targets: all cells

42
Q

ovaries

A

Targets body cells.

Targets ovaries themselves

43
Q

hormones of the ovaries

A

Estrogen

Progesterone

44
Q

testes

A

Targets body cells.

Targets the testes themselves

45
Q

hormones of the testes

A

testosterone

46
Q

testosterone

A

Responsible for reproduction, secondary sex characteristics

Targets: all cells

47
Q

estrogen

A

Responsible for reproduction, secondary sex characteristics

Targets: all cells

48
Q

progesterone

A

Responsible for reproduction, secondary sex characteristics

Targets: all cells

49
Q

what are endocrine disorders caused by

A

Caused by hyposecretion or hypersecretion of hormones.
Hyposecretion is treated with drug therapy to replace hormone.
Hypersecretion is treated by surgery.

50
Q

cretinism

A

Hypothyroidism development in infants.

Untreated, leads to mental retardation, impaired growth, low body temp., abnormal bone formation.

51
Q

myxedema

A

Hypothyroidism development in adults.

Characterized: Edema, low blood levels of T3 and T4, mental retardation, weight gain, sluggishness.

52
Q

Graves Disease

A

Hyperthyroidism.
Characterized: Elevated metabolic rate, abnormal weight loss, excessive perspiration, muscle weakness, emotional instability.
May lead to exophthalmos (bulging eyes).
Thyroid gland may enlarge, producing goiter.

53
Q

Toxic Goiter

A

Hyperthyroidism.

Due to excessive release of TSH from the pituitary gland.

54
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Leads to decreased blood Ca levels (hypocalcemia).

Causes nerves to fire more rapidly resulting in muscle twitches and spasms (tetany).

55
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Leads to demineralization of bones, resulting in osteoporosis.
Can cause Ca to be deposited in the kidneys leading to stones

56
Q

addison disease

A

Hyposecretion of cortisol.
Characterized: Electrolyte imbalances, muscle weakness, anorexia, GI symptoms, fatigue, hypoglycemia, low BP.
Death results if untreated

57
Q

cushing syndrome

A

Hypersecretion of cortisol and ACTH from pituitary.
Characterized: Metabolic imbalances, weight gain, moon-shaped face, exaggerated head and trunk, pencil-thin arms and legs, fatigue, high BP, hirsutism.

58
Q

hypersecretions

A

Hypersecretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Characterized: Chronic stress response, fear, palpitations, HAs, visual blurring, muscle spasms, sweating.

59
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

The body does not produce sufficient insulin or does not utilize it properly.
There are 2 types.

60
Q

diabetes mellitus type 1 or IDDM

A

Aka: Juvenile Diabetes
Diagnosed in children and young adults.
Body does not produce insulin.
Must be replaced to maintain normal blood glucose levels.

61
Q

diabetes mellitus type 2 or NIDDM

A

Diagnosed later in life.
Body does not produce sufficient quantities of insulin, or cells become resistant to insulin.
Tx includes lifestyle changes and insulin or oral antidiabetic agents to maintain normal blood glucose levels.

62
Q

S&S for type 1 diabetes

A 
Constant urination and glycosuria.
Abnormal thirst.
Unusual hunger.
The rapid loss of weight.
Irritability.
Obvious weakness and fatigue.
Nausea and vomiting.
63
Q

pancreatic cancer

A

Very painful cancer.
Very poor prognosis.
Cause: Smoking, exposure to occupational chemicals, high fat diet, heavy coffee consumption.
Fourth leading cause of death in North America.

64
Q

thyroid carcinoma

A

Begins painfully.
Destroys the thyroid gland.
Easily invades adjacent lymph nodes.

medical terminology (33 decks)

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