cardiovascular system

Question 1

cardiology

Answer 1

is the study of the heart and vessels surrounding it

Question 2

heart

Answer 2

a muscular pump that circulates blood through the body via pulmonary and systemic circulation

Question 3

cardiologist

Answer 3

physician who specializes in the heart

Question 4

layers of tissue surrounding heart (4)

Answer 4

1) Pericardium- sac surrounding the heart
2) myocardium- muscular layer of heart
3) endocardium- thin membrane lining inside of heart
4) epicardium- outermost layer of heart

Question 5

where is the heart located

Answer 5

between your lungs in the middle of your chest, behind and slightly to the left of your breastbone

Question 6

4 chambers

Answer 6

1) Right Atrium
2) Left Atrium
3) Right Ventricle
4) Left Ventricle

Question 7

how are chambers separated

Answer 7

separated into left and right halves by a muscular wall called the septum

Question 8

Right atrium

Answer 8

right upper portion of heart
receives blood from all body parts except lungs
two large veins being deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium
veins called: superior and inferior vena cavae

Question 9

Right Ventricle

Answer 9

right lower portion of the heart
receives blood from right atrium through the vantrioventrriclar or tricuspid valve
pumps the blood to the lungs through the pulmonary semilunar valve

Question 10

left atrium

Answer 10

left upper portion of the heart
receives oxygenated blood fro lungs
two large veins bring the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
veins called left and right pulmonary veins

Question 11

left ventricle

Answer 11

left lower portion of heart
receives blood from the left atrium through the atrioventricular or mitral valve or bicuspid valve
pumps the blood through the aortic semilunar valve to a large artery called the aorta
blood is then sent to all body parts except the lungs

Question 12

tricuspid valve

Answer 12

the right atrioventricular valve to stop back flow

Question 13

heart valves

Answer 13

tricuspid
pulmonary semilunar
biscuspid or mitral
aortic semilunar

Question 14

pulmonary semilunar valve

Answer 14

prevents back flow- right

Question 15

mitral/bicuspid valve

Answer 15

left atrioventricular valve to stop back flow

most common side for murmur

Question 16

aortic semilunar valve

Answer 16

prevents back flow- left

Question 17

why must the heart have its own system of blood vessels

Answer 17

because of the thickness of the myocardium, and the protective coating of the endocardium.
These vessels are called coronary vessels

Question 18

coronary arteries

Answer 18

supply heart with oxygen and nutrients

Question 19

cardiac veins

Answer 19

collect deoxygenated blood, draining into the coronary stun and return it to the right atrium

Question 20

artery

Answer 20

carries blood away from the heart
branch off to smaller arteries called arterioles and even smaller called capillaries
highly oxygenated, bright red blood

Question 21

capillaries

Answer 21

microscopic vessels that join the arterial system with the venous system
they surround every living cell of the body
most important vessel due to their function

Question 22

veins

Answer 22

return blood to the heart
propel blood through muscle contractions, gravity, valves
contains highly deoxygenated purple blood

Question 23

hypertension

Answer 23

aka. high blood pressure
leads to enlargement of the left ventricle because the heart has to work harder to pump blood
cause: stress, diabetes, smoking, kidney disease, obesity, lack of exercise, blockage in arteries, poor diet
no symptoms usually
treatment- prevention. meds, life style changes

Question 24

myocardial infarction

Answer 24

aka. heart attack
parts of the heart muscle are deprived of blood flow resulting in decreased oxygen
causes- hypertension, diabetes, smoking, obesity, blockage in coronary arteries
s and s- chest pain, one arm pain, neck, back, jaw pain, anxiety, puking, sweating, indigestion
treatment- prevention. meds, surgery

Question 25

cardiac arrest

Answer 25

heart stops
death within minutes without intervention
cause- heart disease, electrical shock, blow to chest, diabetes
s and s- no breathing, no heartbeat
treatmnet- defibrillation, meds

Question 26

arteriosclerosis

Answer 26

hardening of the medium and large arteries
cause- hypertension, diabetes, smoking, obesity
s ans s- leg pain, numbness, chest pain, cold extremities, sissiness, high blood pressure
treatment- prevention. meds and surgery

Question 27

angina

Answer 27

constructive feeling around the heart, pain may radiate to left arm and shoulder
usually occurs during exertion
casue- insufficient blood flow to heart because of coronary arteries being blocked
s and s- chest pain, arm and shoulder pain that radiates, sweating, pale skin
treatment- nitroglycerin to dilate blood vessels, surgery

Question 28

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Answer 28

aka. stroke
sudden damage to the brain due to decrease In blood flow either from a blockage or rupture of blood vessel
cause- blow to head, tumour, embolism, atherosclerosis
s and s- based on location of damage, sudden and severe headache, changes in vision, hearing, speaking, swallowing, drooping of one side of face
treatment- immediate medical care, meds, surgery, therapy

Question 29

high chloesterolemia

Answer 29

too much cholesterol causes plaques to accumulate in blood vessels and therefore restricts blood flow
cause- heredity, smoking, obesity, lack of exercise, liver disease, high fat diet
s and s- usually none, detected by blood test
treatment- prevention, life style change, meds

Question 30

endocarditis

Answer 30

infection of the inner lining of the heart
cause- bacteria
s and s- infection symptoms: fever, weakness, fatigue, chills, right sweats etc.
treatment- iv antibiotics

Question 31

heart murmur

Answer 31

abnormal sounds during your heartbeat cycle to incomplete closing of a heart valve
whooshing or swishing sound
cause- congenital 
s and s- usually non, most are benign
treatment- none usually, meds, surgery

Question 32

varicose veins

Answer 32

occur normally in legs
twisted, solon veins resulting in breakdown of valves
pooling of blood and chronic dilation of the vessel
can become serious health problem
cause- congenital, obesity, pregnancy, prolonged sitting or standing
s and s- twisted, swollen veins, pain in legs, bulging veins
in the rectum its called haemorrhoids
treatment- wearing elastic stocking, surgically remove

Question 33

aneurysm

Answer 33

a localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery, caused by weakness of the vessel wall
may eventually burst
causes- congenital, aging, disease
s and s- depends on location, pulsing sensations, pain of internal organs, pain in upper back, difficulty swallowing, coughing
treatment- meds, surgery

Question 34

congestive heart failure

Answer 34

•Progressive failure of the heart muscle characterized by weakening of the heart muscle, so that it cannot contract properly
•Heart cannot pump enough blood to meet your body’s needs
•Causes: Diseases that put a strain on your hear
s and s- fluid accumulation in the lungs and extremities, acute weight gain
treamtnet- meds, treat underlying disease

Question 35

dysrhythmias

Answer 35

irregular heart rhythms
cause- eléctricamentel conduction problems, disturbance of electrolytes, muscle damage
s and s- fainting, light head, dizzy spells, palpitations, sensations of a skipped beat
treatmnet- meds, surgery, pacemaker

Question 36

atherosclerosis

Answer 36

accumulations of fatty deposits in the lining of the arteries reducing blood flow to tissues
cause- gradual thickening of artery walls due to the accumulation of plaques on the walls, high cholesterol
s and s- depends on location, pain at the site, hypertension, tissue death due to restricted blood flow
treatment- meds, surgery, stents to by pass blocked vessels

Question 37

rheumatic heart disease

Answer 37

infection caused by a streptococcus bacteria leads to an immune reaction that damages the valves of the heart
cause- infection begins as strep throat and spreads to the mitral valve
s and s- fluid accumulation in lungs and extremities, acute weight gain, fever, body aches, chest pain, irregular heart beat
treatmnet- antibiotics, surgery, valve replacement

Question 38

coronary artery disease

Answer 38

plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries of the heart
cause- smoking, hypertension, diabetes
s and s- angina symptoms
treatment- symptom relief. meds, surgery