cardiovascular system Flashcards
cardiology
is the study of the heart and vessels surrounding it
heart
a muscular pump that circulates blood through the body via pulmonary and systemic circulation
cardiologist
physician who specializes in the heart
layers of tissue surrounding heart (4)
1) Pericardium- sac surrounding the heart
2) myocardium- muscular layer of heart
3) endocardium- thin membrane lining inside of heart
4) epicardium- outermost layer of heart
where is the heart located
between your lungs in the middle of your chest, behind and slightly to the left of your breastbone
4 chambers
1) Right Atrium
2) Left Atrium
3) Right Ventricle
4) Left Ventricle
how are chambers separated
separated into left and right halves by a muscular wall called the septum
Right atrium
right upper portion of heart
receives blood from all body parts except lungs
two large veins being deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium
veins called: superior and inferior vena cavae
Right Ventricle
right lower portion of the heart
receives blood from right atrium through the vantrioventrriclar or tricuspid valve
pumps the blood to the lungs through the pulmonary semilunar valve
left atrium
left upper portion of the heart
receives oxygenated blood fro lungs
two large veins bring the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
veins called left and right pulmonary veins
left ventricle
left lower portion of heart
receives blood from the left atrium through the atrioventricular or mitral valve or bicuspid valve
pumps the blood through the aortic semilunar valve to a large artery called the aorta
blood is then sent to all body parts except the lungs
tricuspid valve
the right atrioventricular valve to stop back flow
heart valves
tricuspid
pulmonary semilunar
biscuspid or mitral
aortic semilunar
pulmonary semilunar valve
prevents back flow- right
mitral/bicuspid valve
left atrioventricular valve to stop back flow
most common side for murmur
aortic semilunar valve
prevents back flow- left
why must the heart have its own system of blood vessels
because of the thickness of the myocardium, and the protective coating of the endocardium.
These vessels are called coronary vessels
coronary arteries
supply heart with oxygen and nutrients
cardiac veins
collect deoxygenated blood, draining into the coronary stun and return it to the right atrium
artery
carries blood away from the heart
branch off to smaller arteries called arterioles and even smaller called capillaries
highly oxygenated, bright red blood
capillaries
microscopic vessels that join the arterial system with the venous system
they surround every living cell of the body
most important vessel due to their function
veins
return blood to the heart
propel blood through muscle contractions, gravity, valves
contains highly deoxygenated purple blood
hypertension
aka. high blood pressure
leads to enlargement of the left ventricle because the heart has to work harder to pump blood
cause: stress, diabetes, smoking, kidney disease, obesity, lack of exercise, blockage in arteries, poor diet
no symptoms usually
treatment- prevention. meds, life style changes
myocardial infarction
aka. heart attack
parts of the heart muscle are deprived of blood flow resulting in decreased oxygen
causes- hypertension, diabetes, smoking, obesity, blockage in coronary arteries
s and s- chest pain, one arm pain, neck, back, jaw pain, anxiety, puking, sweating, indigestion
treatment- prevention. meds, surgery
cardiac arrest
heart stops
death within minutes without intervention
cause- heart disease, electrical shock, blow to chest, diabetes
s and s- no breathing, no heartbeat
treatmnet- defibrillation, meds
arteriosclerosis
hardening of the medium and large arteries
cause- hypertension, diabetes, smoking, obesity
s ans s- leg pain, numbness, chest pain, cold extremities, sissiness, high blood pressure
treatment- prevention. meds and surgery
angina
constructive feeling around the heart, pain may radiate to left arm and shoulder
usually occurs during exertion
casue- insufficient blood flow to heart because of coronary arteries being blocked
s and s- chest pain, arm and shoulder pain that radiates, sweating, pale skin
treatment- nitroglycerin to dilate blood vessels, surgery
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
aka. stroke
sudden damage to the brain due to decrease In blood flow either from a blockage or rupture of blood vessel
cause- blow to head, tumour, embolism, atherosclerosis
s and s- based on location of damage, sudden and severe headache, changes in vision, hearing, speaking, swallowing, drooping of one side of face
treatment- immediate medical care, meds, surgery, therapy
high chloesterolemia
too much cholesterol causes plaques to accumulate in blood vessels and therefore restricts blood flow
cause- heredity, smoking, obesity, lack of exercise, liver disease, high fat diet
s and s- usually none, detected by blood test
treatment- prevention, life style change, meds
endocarditis
infection of the inner lining of the heart
cause- bacteria
s and s- infection symptoms: fever, weakness, fatigue, chills, right sweats etc.
treatment- iv antibiotics
heart murmur
abnormal sounds during your heartbeat cycle to incomplete closing of a heart valve whooshing or swishing sound cause- congenital s and s- usually non, most are benign treatment- none usually, meds, surgery
varicose veins
occur normally in legs
twisted, solon veins resulting in breakdown of valves
pooling of blood and chronic dilation of the vessel
can become serious health problem
cause- congenital, obesity, pregnancy, prolonged sitting or standing
s and s- twisted, swollen veins, pain in legs, bulging veins
in the rectum its called haemorrhoids
treatment- wearing elastic stocking, surgically remove
aneurysm
a localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery, caused by weakness of the vessel wall
may eventually burst
causes- congenital, aging, disease
s and s- depends on location, pulsing sensations, pain of internal organs, pain in upper back, difficulty swallowing, coughing
treatment- meds, surgery
congestive heart failure
•Progressive failure of the heart muscle characterized by weakening of the heart muscle, so that it cannot contract properly
•Heart cannot pump enough blood to meet your body’s needs
•Causes: Diseases that put a strain on your hear
s and s- fluid accumulation in the lungs and extremities, acute weight gain
treamtnet- meds, treat underlying disease
dysrhythmias
irregular heart rhythms
cause- eléctricamentel conduction problems, disturbance of electrolytes, muscle damage
s and s- fainting, light head, dizzy spells, palpitations, sensations of a skipped beat
treatmnet- meds, surgery, pacemaker
atherosclerosis
accumulations of fatty deposits in the lining of the arteries reducing blood flow to tissues
cause- gradual thickening of artery walls due to the accumulation of plaques on the walls, high cholesterol
s and s- depends on location, pain at the site, hypertension, tissue death due to restricted blood flow
treatment- meds, surgery, stents to by pass blocked vessels
rheumatic heart disease
infection caused by a streptococcus bacteria leads to an immune reaction that damages the valves of the heart
cause- infection begins as strep throat and spreads to the mitral valve
s and s- fluid accumulation in lungs and extremities, acute weight gain, fever, body aches, chest pain, irregular heart beat
treatmnet- antibiotics, surgery, valve replacement
coronary artery disease
plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries of the heart
cause- smoking, hypertension, diabetes
s and s- angina symptoms
treatment- symptom relief. meds, surgery
