respiratory system

Question 1

purpose of respiratory system

Answer 1

exchange of resp. gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

divided into upper and lower resp. tract

Question 2

whats included in the upper resp. tract

Answer 2

nasal and oral cavities
pharynx
tonsils
adenoids
epiglottis
larynx
trachea

Question 3

trachea

Answer 3

aka. windpipe
composed of- smooth muscle, c-shaped rings or cartilage, mucous producing glands, cilia
divides into the right and left bronchus for each lung

Question 4

functions of trachea

Answer 4

rigid cartilage keeps air passages open
cartilage also serives as armour to protect both trachea and esophagus located posteriorly
mucous membranes release mucus to trap foreign particles before reaching lungs
contains cillia to sweep entrapped material into the pharynx to be coughed or sneezed out, or swallowed

Question 5

whats included in the lower resp. tract

Answer 5

right and left bronchi
right and left lungs
bronchioles
alveoli

Question 6

bronchi

Answer 6

two main bronchi branching off ot the trachea- left and right, each leading to a lung

Question 7

whats the bronchi composed of

Answer 7

smooth muscle, c-shaped rings of cartilage, musuc producing glans, cilia
left bronchus has a sharper bend due to the presence of the heart and major blood vessels underneath it

Question 8

bronchioles

Answer 8

results from each bronchus dividing and subdividing into smaller branches within the lungs
structured same as bronchi
by the time outside air has reached the end of the bronchioles it is warmed to body temp, filtred and moisturized

Question 9

alveoli

Answer 9

located at the terminal ends of the bronchoiles
tiny air cells or sacs
resemble tiny bunches of graps
pulmonary capillaries lie adjacent to the thin tissue membranes of the alveoli

Question 10

function of the alveoli

Answer 10

link betw the resp. and the circulatory systems.
oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged btw the body and the environment through the pulmonary capillaries in the alveoli

Question 11

lungs

Answer 11

organs of respiration
divided into lobes (3 lobes in the right lung and 2 in the left)
each lung is enclosed separately within 2 membranes
1)visceral pleura- innermost membrane lying next to the llung
2)parietal pleura- outermost membrane, lining the thoracic cavity

Question 12

mediastinum

Answer 12

space btw the lungs (heart, aorta, esophagus and bronchi)

Question 13

pleura cavity

Answer 13

located in between lungs, contains lubricating fluid, which permits the visceral pleura to glide smoothly over the parietal pleura during breathing

Question 14

diaphragm

Answer 14

muscular partition btw the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity
help expand and contract the lungs, forcing air into and out of them
intercosal muscles assist in the forcing air into and out of the lungs

Question 15

respiratory pathology

Answer 15

cough (dry or wet), chest pain, breathlessness, cyanosis, fever

Question 16

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Answer 16

chronic partial obstruction of air passages
3 major disorders: asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema
symtoms: difficulty breathing on exertion, chronic cough

Question 17

asthma

Answer 17

due to bronchospasm, onset is sudden, results in difficulty breathing, coughing and wheezing
caused by allergens, stress, cold, exercise
treatment: mucolytics, bronchodilators, steroids

Question 18

chronic bronchitis

Answer 18

chronic inflammation of bronchi, swelling of the mucosa leads to heavy, wet cough and chest pain
caused by: smoking, air pollution, viruses, bacteria
treatment: expectorants, bronchodilators, oral steroids

Question 19

emphysema

Answer 19

decreased elasticity of the alveoli. they expand but cant contract
causes by heavy smoking
treatment: orthopnea, bronchodilators, mucolytics, expectorants, steroids

Question 20

apnea

Answer 20

temporary cessation of breathing during sleep
breathing stops for at least 10 seconds and occurs 30 or more times in a 7 hour sleep period
leads to sleep deprivation
loud snoring and gasping sounds
caused by obstruction of the upper airway, obesity
treatment: mouth appliance, air injector, surgery

Question 21

tuberculosis

Answer 21

highly communicable, aerosol transmission
symtoms depend n where it is in your body. can infect lungs, bones, genital tract, meninges, and peritoneum
chronic cough, hemoptysis, scanty, whitish or gray yellow sputum, fatigue, low grade fever, night sweats, weakness, chills, anorexia
caused by TB bacteria. which can remain alive outside of body for 6-8 months
treatment is long term, multiple antibiotics for 9-12 months. drug resistance is a huge concern

Question 22

pneumonia

Answer 22

inflammation of the lungs
chest pain, hemoptysis, mucopurulent sputum
caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, chemicals, food
treatment- antibiotics, supportive therapy including oxygen

Question 23

influenza

Answer 23

acute respiratory disease
extremely contagious
lasts 7-10 days
fever, chills, headache, loss of appetite
cause- viruses
no treatment, prevention through flu shot

Question 24

cystic fibrosis

Answer 24

hereditary disorder of the exocrine glands
causes body to secrete viscous mucus that clogs ducts or tubes of the pancreas, digestive tract, air passages and sweat glands
in the lungs, musus blocks airways and impedes natural infection fighting mechanism, which turns the bodys immune system against its own lung tissue
treatment- fatal, 30 year survival rate, gene therapy

Question 25

lung cancer

Answer 25

most common form is bronchogenic carcinoma which quickly metastasizes to other areas
caused- tobacco use, carcinogenic exposure
treatment- chemotherapy, radiation, surgery

Question 26

describe the process of respiration

Answer 26

oxygen is taken from air and transported to body cells.

carbon dioxide and water are returned to the environment

Question 27

4 processes for respiration

Answer 27

1) ventilation- breathing (large involuntary movement of air into and out of lungs.
in response to changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in blood, and also in response to nervous stimulation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

2) external respiration- exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide btw the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries
3) gas transport- respiratory gases transported through the body by blood in the cardiovascular system
4) interval respiration-exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide btw tissue cells and the blood in systemic capillaries.