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BI 121 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 functions of bones?

A

Support framework, store and release minerals, storage of energy, hematopoiesis, external protective covering, assistance in movement

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2
Q

Site of formed elements formation

A

Hematopoiesis

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3
Q

What makes up the dense matrix?

A

1/4 water, 1/4 collagen fibers, 1/2 hydroxyapatite crystals

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4
Q

Part of the matrix that bends slightly, will not tear when pulled, provides skeleton with flexibility

A

Collagen fibers

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5
Q

Part of the matrix that resists applied pressure without breaking, provides hardness of skeleton

A

Hydroxyapatite crystals

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6
Q

What does the lacunae contain?

A

Osteocytes

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7
Q

Mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix

A

Osteocytes

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8
Q

What are the 2 factors that classify bones?

A

Shape and internal tissue organization

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9
Q

Shaft of bone

A

Diaphysis

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10
Q

Central space in bone

A

Medullary cavity

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11
Q

Ends of bones

A

Epiphysis

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12
Q

What does the epiphysis articulate with?

A

Other bones

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13
Q

Separates diaphysis from epiphysis, grows in length and made of hyaline cartilage

A

Epiphyseal plate

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14
Q

Small area between diaphysis and epiphysis

A

Metaphysis

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15
Q

Cover ends of epiphyses; made of hyaline cartilage

A

Articular cartilage

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16
Q

Fibrous outer layer; osteogenic inner layer; does not cover articular cartilage

A

Periosteum

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17
Q

What is the periosteum an attachment point for?

A

Tendons and ligaments

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18
Q

Connects bone to bone

A

Ligament

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19
Q

Connects bone to muscle

A

Tendon

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20
Q

Contains yellow bone marrow

A

Medullary cavity

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21
Q

Thin membrane that lines marrow cavity; active in bone growth and repair

A

Endosteum

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22
Q

Dense, solid bone

A

Compact bone

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23
Q

Open networks of struts

A

Spongy bone

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24
Q

Bone marrow in developing bones of fetus and newborn, around spongy bone in adults

A

Red bone marrow

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25
Q

What is the function of red bone marrow?

A

Hematopoiesis

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26
Q

Bone marrow in medullary cavities in adults

A

Yellow bone marrow

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27
Q

What is the function of yellow bone marrow?

A

Energy storage (lipids)

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28
Q

Cells of bone make up ___% of bone mass

A

2

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29
Q

Stem cells that divide to produce osteoblasts

A

Osteogenic cells

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30
Q

Where are osteogenic cells located?

A

Inner layer of endosteum and periosteum

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31
Q

Immature bone cells that secrete bone matrix

A

Osteoblasts

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32
Q

When do osteoblasts become osteocytes?

A

When it is surrounded by matrix

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33
Q

Mature cells that maintain matrix and repair damaged bone

A

Osteocytes

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34
Q

Breaks down bone matrix

A

Osteoclasts

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35
Q

What is the order of osteocyte production?

A

Osteogenic, osteoblast (secrete matrix), osteocyte

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36
Q

What are the 2 major types of bone?

A

Compact and spongy

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37
Q

What is compact bone made up of?

A

Osteons

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38
Q

What does the central canal contain?

A

lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, nerves

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39
Q

Circular layers of bone matrix

A

Concentric lamellae

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40
Q

Osteocytes are housed in

A

Lacunae

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41
Q

How are substances transported to/from osteocytes if they are surrounded by a hard matrix in compact bone?

A

Canaliculi

42
Q

Canals that interconnect lacunae of an osteon. Nutrients and oxygen pass through

A

canaliculi

43
Q

Fills in space between osteons in compact bone; older osteons partially removed by bone remodeling

A

Interstitial lamellae

44
Q

Where is spongy bone found?

A

Inside of long bones and flat bones

45
Q

Spongy bones ____ ____ osteons

A

Don’t have

46
Q

Lamellae form an open network of struts that have no blood vessels

A

Trabeculae

47
Q

What are open spaces between trabeculae filled with?

A

Blood, lymphatic vessels, nerves, red bone marrow

48
Q

How are substances transported to/from osteocytes in spongy bone if there is no canal with blood?

A

Through canaliculi that open onto surface of trabeculae

49
Q

What is the function of compact bone?

A

Stress in 1 direction

50
Q

What is the function of spongy bone?

A

Multidirectional stresses

51
Q

Is compact or spongy bone stronger?

A

Compact

52
Q

Before 8 weeks of development, what is the skeleton made of?

A

Embryonic connective tissue

53
Q

When is embryonic tissue replaced with bone during fetal development?

A

8 weeks

54
Q

Process of replacing connective tissues with bone

A

Ossification

55
Q

What are the 2 forms of ossification?

A

intramembranous, endochondral

56
Q

What does intramembranous ossification begin with?

A

Mesenchyme

57
Q

What types of bones does intramembranous ossification create?

A

Mandible, clavical, flat bones of skull

58
Q

What is the first step of intramembranous ossification?

A

Ossification center develops from mesenchymal cells in membrane differentiating into osteoblasts, osteoblasts secrete matrix and become osteocytes

59
Q

What is the second step of intramembranous ossification?

A

Calcification occurs due to mineral deposits

60
Q

What is the third step of intramembranous ossification?

A

Trabeculae are formed in the interior = spongy bone

61
Q

What is the fourth step of intramembranous ossification

A

Mesenchyme is replaced with periosteum and a thin layer of compact bone

62
Q

Form normal bone in wrong place after a minor injury

A

Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP)

63
Q

What is the result of organs growing faster than bone?

A

Fibrous membrane in gaps between developing bone

64
Q

Soft spots on a baby’s head

A

Fontanelle

65
Q

What does endochondral ossification begin with?

A

Cartilage

66
Q

What does endochondral ossification form?

A

Most of the skeleton

67
Q

What is the first step in endochondral ossification?

A

Cartilage model forms

68
Q

What is the second step in endochondral ossification?

A

Model grows in length and width

69
Q

What is the third step in endochondral ossification?

A

Primary ossification center develops in center from osteoblasts producing spongy bone trabeculae

70
Q

What is the fourth step in endochondral ossification?

A

Medullary cavity develops from osteoclasts dissolving newly formed spongy bone

71
Q

What is the fifth step in endochondral ossification?

A

Secondary ossification center develops at epiphyses

72
Q

What is the sixth step in endochondral ossification?

A

Epiphyses are filled with spongy bone. Cartilage becomes articular cartilage, epiphyseal plate separates epiphysis from diaphysis

73
Q

What does an epiphyseal plate become after puberty?

A

Epiphyseal line

74
Q

Involved in interstitial growth; increases bone length

A

Epiphyseal plate

75
Q

Bone growth in width

A

Appositional growth

76
Q

What is the 1st step in appositional growth?

A

Ridges in periosteum create groove for periosteal blood vessels

77
Q

What is the 2nd step in appositional growth?

A

Periosteal ridges fuse forming an endosteum lined tunnel

78
Q

What is the 3rd step in appositional growth?

A

Osteoblasts in endosteum build concentric lamellae inward toward the center of the tunnel forming a new osteon

79
Q

What is the 4th step in appositional growth?

A

Bone grows outward as osteoblasts in periosteum build new circumferential lamellae

80
Q

What is the 1st step in bone remodeling?

A

Osteoclasts erode a groove in outer region of bone

81
Q

What is the 2nd step in bone remodeling?

A

Blood vessels from periosteum invade area

82
Q

What is the 3rd step in bone remodeling?

A

Groove is converted into a tunnel as osteoblasts lay down matrix

83
Q

What is the 4th step in bone remodeling?

A

Lamellae of matrix laid down by osteoblasts

84
Q

What is the 1st step in bone fracture repair?

A

Fracture hematoma forms

85
Q

What is the 2nd step in bone fracture repair?

A

Internal and external calli form

86
Q

What is the 3rd step in bone fracture repair?

A

Cartilage of calli is replaced by trabeculae bone

87
Q

What is the 4th step in bone fracture repair?

A

Remodeling occurs

88
Q

What are the effects of exercise on bone?

A

Mineral recycling allows bones to adapt to stress, changes bone shape

89
Q

Why does bone degeneration occur?

A

Inactivity

90
Q

How much bone mass can be lost due to inactivity?

A

1/3

91
Q

Calcium ions are vital to…

A

Neurons, muscle cells

92
Q

Do osteoblasts or osteoclasts increase blood calcium?

A

Osteoclasts

93
Q

Do osteoblasts of osteoclasts decrease blood calcium?

A

Osteoblasts

94
Q

Stimulates osteoclasts; decrease calcium loos by kidneys, enhances effect of calcitriol; increases blood calcium levels

A

Parathyroid hormone

95
Q

Activates osteoblasts; promotes calcium loss by kidneys, acts to decrease calcitriol levels; decrease blood calcium levels

A

Calcitonin

96
Q

Stimulate osteoblast activity; makes epiphyseal plate close faster; decrease blood calcium levels

A

Estrogen and testosterone

97
Q

What would happen if a person’s epiphyseal cartilages already closed but the person is still producing growth hormone?

A

Bone will grow in width

98
Q

Bone grows in width due to too much growth hormone

A

Acromegaly

99
Q

Congenital disease caused by too much connective tissue in bones creating longer bones

A

Marfan syndrome

100
Q

Pituitary gland doesn’t grow properly, causes a decrease in bone length growth

A

Pituitary growth failure

101
Q

Epiphyseal plates keep going, too much growth hormone from pituitary gland

A

Gigantism

102
Q

Congenital disease caused by epiphyseal plate going away and closing early

A

Achondroplasia

BI 121 (28 decks)

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