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BI 121 > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Study of muscles

A

Myology

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2
Q

Why is muscle tissue highly specialized?

A

Able to contract and has excitable cells that react to stimulation

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3
Q

Where is muscle tissue found?

A

All over body

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4
Q

What are the 3 muscle types?

A

Cardiac, smooth, skeletal

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5
Q

Striated, voluntary, large in size, multinucleated

A

Skeletal muscle

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6
Q

How is skeletal muscle attached to bone?

A

By tendons

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7
Q

Functions to move or stabilize skeleton, generate heat, voluntary sphincters

A

Skeletal muscle

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8
Q

Striated but involuntary, intercalated discs, circulates blood and audtorhythmicity

A

Cardiac muscle

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9
Q

Non-striated, involuntary, spindle shaped, controls diameter of passageways, moves food, urine, reproductive tract secretions

A

Smooth muscle

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10
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

Around blood vessels and in walls of hollow organs

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11
Q

Ability to respond to stimulation by producing action potentials

A

Excitability

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12
Q

Ability to shorten and/or tense when stimulated by an action potential

A

Contractility

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13
Q

Ability to return to its original length after contraction or extension

A

Elasticity

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14
Q

What are the 5 functions of muscles?

A

Body movement, stabilize body position, store and move substances in body, heat production, store nutrients

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15
Q

What types of nutrients do muscles reserve?

A

Proteins that are broken down to amino acids

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16
Q

What are the 3 layers of connective tissues in muscles?

A

Epimysium, perimysium, endmysium

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17
Q

Surrounds entire muscle

A

Epimysium

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18
Q

Around muscle fascicles

A

Perimysium

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19
Q

Surrounds individual muscle fibers

A

Endomysium

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20
Q

Bundles of muscle fibers

A

Muscle fascicle

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21
Q

Stem cells that repair damaged muscle tissue

A

Myosatellite cells

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22
Q

Where are myosatellite cells located?

A

Embedded in endomysium

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23
Q

Extension of the above 3 connective tissue layers

A

Tendon

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24
Q

Flat, thick tendon

A

Aponeuroses

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25
Q

Embryonic stem cells that fuse together to form muscle

A

Myoblasts

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26
Q

Cell membrane of muscle

A

Sarcolemma

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27
Q

Cytoplasm of muscle

A

Sarcoplasm

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28
Q

Surrounds each myofibril; stores and releases calcium for muscle contraction

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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29
Q

Network of tubules used to convey electrical impulses for muscle contraction, allows muscle fiber to contract simultaneously

A

T Tubules

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30
Q

How are t-tubules formed?

A

Invaginations of sarcolemma

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31
Q

Scattered among myofibrils; provide ATP

A

Mitochondria

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32
Q

Make up muscle fibers; bundles of proteins

A

Myofibrils

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33
Q

How many myofibrils make up a fiber?

A

1000+

34
Q

Protein filaments responsible for muscle contractions

A

Myofilaments

35
Q

Thin filament

A

Actin

36
Q

Thick filament

A

Myosin

37
Q

What makes up a sarcomere? How many are in each myofibril?

A

Actin and myosin, 10,000

38
Q

Refers to a wasting of muscle due to the loss of myofibrils within muscle fibers

A

Muscular atrophy

39
Q

Increase in size of muscle fiber due to increased production of myofibrils

A

Muscular hypertrophy

40
Q

When do muscle fibers form?

A

Before birth

41
Q

Can fibers regenerate new cells?

A

No

42
Q

Cells that can regenerate new cells

A

Myosatellite cells

43
Q

What is the organization of muscle from superficial to deep? (10)

A

Epimysium, whole muscle, perimysium, fascicle, endomysium, sarcolemma, muscle fiber, sarcoplasmic reticulum, myofibril, myofilament

44
Q

Smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber; basic functional unit of muscle fiber

A

Sarcomere

45
Q

Anchors actin/thin filament; one at each end of sarcomere

A

Z-disc

46
Q

Anchors myosin/thick filament; midline of sarcomere

A

M-line

47
Q

Contain thick filaments and zone of overlap

A

A-band

48
Q

Region where thick and thin filaments overlap

A

Zone of overlap

49
Q

Contains only thin filaments

A

I-band

50
Q

Striped or striated pattern within myofibrils; alternating dark thick filaments and thin filaments

A

Striations

51
Q

Controls tropomyosin and calcium binds to it

A

Troponin

52
Q

Lies in actin’s groove and acts to block myosin from attaching to actin’s active site; blocks cross bridge formation

A

Tropomyosin

53
Q

Each actin protein has one; blocked by the troponin/tropomyosin complex under normal resting conditions

A

Active site

54
Q

Motor protein; short rods (tails) with globular heads (project out towards actin that surrounds it)

A

Myosin

55
Q

Double row protein with groove

A

Actin

56
Q

Formed when myosin heads interact with actin’s active sites during contraction

A

Cross-bridges

57
Q

Where are ATP-binding sites found?

A

Myosin heads

58
Q

What happens when myosin cross bridges pull on actin?

A

Actin slides towards M line alongside myosin

59
Q

What is the 1st step in the sliding filament theory?

A

AP leads to release of Ca by sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca binds to troponin causing the active sites on actin to be exposed

60
Q

What is the 2nd step in the sliding filament theory?

A

Cross bridges form when myosin heads bind onto actin

61
Q

What is the 3rd step in the sliding filament theory?

A

Myosin heads pivot towards the M line

62
Q

What is the 4th step in the sliding filament theory?

A

ATP gives myosin heads energy to unattached and reset

63
Q

Time period of muscle rigidity following death, due to depletion of ATP

A

Rigor mortis

64
Q

Synapse between motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular junction

65
Q

Site of communication between somatic motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber of another cell

A

Synapse

66
Q

How many NMJ’s does each muscle fiber have?

A

1

67
Q

The axon of one motor neuron branches and forms NMJs with _____ muscle fiber cells

A

many

68
Q

What is the presynaptic cell in an NMJ?

A

Axon

69
Q

What is the postsynaptic cell in an NMJ

A

Muscle cell

70
Q

Region of sarcolemma opposite of synaptic terminals

A

Motor end plate

71
Q

Expanded tip of the axon at NMJ

A

Synaptic terminal

72
Q

Vesicle filled with neurotransmitters

A

Synaptic vesicle

73
Q

Space that separates synaptic terminal from motor end plate

A

Synaptic cleft

74
Q

What is the 1st step of physiology at NMJ?

A

Action potential travels down axon to synaptic terminal

75
Q

What is the 2nd step of physiology at NMJ?

A

Calcium channels open which causes the exocytosis of synaptic vesicles filled with acetylcholine

76
Q

What is the 3rd step of physiology at NMJ?

A

ACh diffuses in to synaptic cleft and binds onto the surface of sarcolemma at the motor end plate, sodium rushes into sarcoplasm

77
Q

What is the 4th step of physiology at NMJ?

A

Rush of sodium causes an action potential in the sarcolemma starting the muscle contraction

78
Q

Enzyme that breaks down ACh

A

Acetylcholinesterase

79
Q

Caused by bacterium found in improperly canned foods

A

Botulinum toxin

80
Q

What is the function of botulinum toxin?

A

Blocks release of synaptic vesicles at NMJ

81
Q

What can no ACh to cause contraction do?

A

Paralysis of respiratory muscles

BI 121 (28 decks)

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