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BI 121 > Cellular Level of Organization (End of Unit 1) > Flashcards

Cellular Level of Organization (End of Unit 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Smallest structural unit capable of life

A

Cells

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2
Q

What are the 2 classes of cells?

A

Somatic, sex cells

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3
Q

Reproductive cells

A

Sex cells

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4
Q

All body cells

A

Somatic cells

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5
Q

Watery medium that surrounds a cell

A

ECF

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6
Q

Separate cytoplasm from the ECF

A

Cell membrane

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7
Q

What is cytoplasm composed of?

A

Cytosol, organelles

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8
Q

Double layer of phospholipid molecules

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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9
Q

What organic molecules are included in the cell membrane?

A

Lipids, protein, carbohydrates

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10
Q

Point towards watery environment

A

Hydrophilic heads

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11
Q

Part of phospholipid that faces inside the membrane

A

Hydrophobic fatty acid tails

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12
Q

Stiffens the membrane, making it less fluid and permeable

A

Cholesterol

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of membrane proteins?

A

Integral and peripheral proteins

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14
Q

Proteins within the membrane

A

Integral protein

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15
Q

Proteins bound to the inner or outer surface of the membrane

A

Peripheral protein

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16
Q

What are the functions of membrane proteins?

A

Recognition, carriers, receptors

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17
Q

Extend outside of the cell membrane and forms a sticky coat

A

Membrane carbohydrates

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18
Q

Sticky sugar coat outside of the cell membrane

A

Glycocalyx

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19
Q

What are the functions of glycocalyx?

A

lubrication and anchoring

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20
Q

Organelles with no membrane, direct contact with cytosol

A

Nonmembranous organelles

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21
Q

What are some examples of nonmembranous organelles?

A

Cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes

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22
Q

Organelles covered with plasma membrane, isolated from cytosol

A

Membranous organelles

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23
Q

What are some examples of membranous organelles

A

ER, Golgi body, mitochondria, nucleus

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24
Q

Structural proteins for shape, strength, and movement of substances

A

Cytoskeleton

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25
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made up of?

A

Microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

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26
Q

Finger-shaped extensions of cell membrane to increase surface area for absorption

A

Microvilli

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27
Q

Groups of microtubules involved in moving chromosomes during cell division

A

Centriole

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28
Q

Small hair-like extensions that move fluids across the cell surface

A

Cilia

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29
Q

What are the 2 types of ribosomes?

A

Free and fixed

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30
Q

Manufacture proteins for cell

A

Free ribosomes

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31
Q

Manufacture proteins for secretion

A

Fixed ribosomes

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32
Q

Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates

A

Smooth ER

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33
Q

Synthesizes proteins, encloses products in transport vesicles which carry proteins to Golgi body

A

Rough ER

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34
Q

Modify proteins coming from rough ER and packages them in vesicles

A

Golgi Body

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35
Q

What are the 3 types of vesicles that carry material away from the Golgi body?

A

Secretory, membrane renewal, lysosomes

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36
Q

Modify and package products for exocytosis

A

Secretory vesicle

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37
Q

Add or remove plasma membrane components

A

Membrane renewal vesicles

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38
Q

Carry enzymes to cytosol for use within the cell

A

Lysosome

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39
Q

Produce ATP for the cell

A

Mitochondria

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40
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytosol

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41
Q

What happens during glycolysis?

A

Glucose is converted into 2 pyruvate

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42
Q

Where is pyruvate absorbed in?

A

Mitochondria

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43
Q

Where does aerobic respiration (Cellular respiration) occur?

A

Mitochondria

44
Q

What happens during aerobic respiration?

A

CO2 is removed from pyruvate, oxygen is used and water comes out as a product

45
Q

Largest organelle and the cell’s control center

A

Nucleus

46
Q

Separates nuclear contents from cytoplasm

A

Nuclear envelope

47
Q

Communication passages; RNA comes out of this

A

Nuclear pore

48
Q

Contains instructions to make every protein in the body

A

DNA

49
Q

Loosely coiled DNA (cells not dividing)

A

Chromatin

50
Q

Tightly coiled DNA (Cells dividing)

A

Chromosomes

51
Q

Somatic cells have __ chromosomes

A

46

52
Q

Gametes have __ chromosomes

A

23

53
Q

Sequence of nitrogenous bases in the DNA molecule

A

Chemical language of DNA instructions

54
Q

3 bases = 1 amino acid

A

Triplet code

55
Q

Enzymes copy directions from DNA to mRNA

A

Transcription

56
Q

Ribosomes read codon on mRNA and tRNA anticodon delivers an amino acid to mRNA codon in ribosome; mRNA codon is translated into 1 amino acid

A

Translation

57
Q

How is a peptide bond formed?

A

rRNA connects 2 amino acids

58
Q

What goes into the cell membrane?

A

Nutrients

59
Q

What gets out of the cell membrane?

A

Wastes and products

60
Q

Plasma membrane allows some materials to move freely

A

Selectively permeable

61
Q

What are the 3 major categories of transport?

A

Diffusion, carrier mediated transport, vesicular transport

62
Q

What categories of transport are passive?

A

Diffusion, carrier-mediated transport

63
Q

What categories of transport are active?

A

Carrier-mediated transport, vesicular transport

64
Q

Amount of solute in a solvent

A

Concentration

65
Q

More solute in one part of a solvent than another

A

Concentration gradient

66
Q

Diffusion of water across the cell membrane

A

Osmosis

67
Q

What direction does water diffuse across the membrane?

A

Solution with more solutes

68
Q

Ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

A

Tonicity

69
Q

Solution that does not cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell

A

Isotonic

70
Q

Less solutes and loses water through osmosis

A

Hypotonic

71
Q

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

A

Water moves into the cell; lyse

72
Q

Has more solutes and gains water by osmosis

A

Hypertonic

73
Q

What happens to cell in a hypertonic solution?

A

Water moves out of the cell; crenate

74
Q

Integral protein binds ions and other solutes and carry them across the membrane

A

Carrier mediated transport

75
Q

What are some examples of carrier mediated transport?

A

Active transport, facilitated diffusion

76
Q

Substances move down their concentration gradient with the help of carrier proteins

A

Facilitated diffusion

77
Q

Is facilitated diffusion active or passive transport?

A

Passive

78
Q

Transport large molecules and lipid insoluble molecules through the plasma membrane

A

Carrier protein

79
Q

Proteins that move substrates against the concentration gradient and requires ATP

A

Active transport

80
Q

What is an example of active transport?

A

Sodium potassium pumps

81
Q

Concentration gradient of one substance drives the active transport of another substance in the same direction without the immediate use of ATP

A

Secondary active transport

82
Q

Materials move in or out of cell in vesicles

A

Vesicular transport

83
Q

Is vesicular transport active or passive transport?

A

Active

84
Q

What are the 2 major types of vesicular transport?

A

Endocytosis and exocytosis

85
Q

What are the 2 types of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis

86
Q

Cell eating

A

Phagocytosis

87
Q

Cell drinking

A

Pinocytosis

88
Q

Vesicle inside cell fuses with and becomes part of the cell membrane

A

Exocytosis

89
Q

What makes up interphase?

A

Gap 1, synthesis, Gap 2

90
Q

DNA replication phase

A

Synthesis

91
Q

What makes up the mitotic phase?

A

Mitosis, cytokinesis

92
Q

Occur in homologous pairs in somatic cells; must replicate before a cell can divide

A

chromosome

93
Q

Pair of identical chromosomes after a chromosome duplicates itself

A

Chromatids

94
Q

Nuclear envelope bounds the nucleus, nucleolus is still present, chromatin is replicated

A

Interphase

95
Q

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, centrioles replicate and move to opposite sides of the cell, nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappears

A

Prophase

96
Q

Chromatids line up at the equator of the cell due to the microtubules int he centrioles pushing and pulling them

A

Metaphase

97
Q

Identical chromosomes

A

Chromatids

98
Q

Chromatids are pulled apart

A

Anaphase

99
Q

Daughter nuclei begin to form, chromosomes unwind into chromatin, cytokinesis occurs

A

Telophase

100
Q

Illness that disrupts the normal rates of cell division

A

Cancer

101
Q

Permanent DNA sequence changes

A

Mutation

102
Q

What types of tissues is cancer most common in?

A

Actively dividing cells (skin and intestinal lining)

103
Q

What are the 2 types of cancerous tumors?

A

Malignant and Benign

104
Q

Remains in original tissue

A

Benign

105
Q

Accelerated growth due to blood vessel growth and supply to the area

A

Malignant

106
Q

Formation of secondary tumors

A

Metastasis

BI 121 (28 decks)

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