Cellular Level of Organization (End of Unit 1) Flashcards
1
Q
Smallest structural unit capable of life
A
Cells
2
Q
What are the 2 classes of cells?
A
Somatic, sex cells
3
Q
Reproductive cells
A
Sex cells
4
Q
All body cells
A
Somatic cells
5
Q
Watery medium that surrounds a cell
A
ECF
6
Q
Separate cytoplasm from the ECF
A
Cell membrane
7
Q
What is cytoplasm composed of?
A
Cytosol, organelles
8
Q
Double layer of phospholipid molecules
A
Phospholipid bilayer
9
Q
What organic molecules are included in the cell membrane?
A
Lipids, protein, carbohydrates
10
Q
Point towards watery environment
A
Hydrophilic heads
11
Q
Part of phospholipid that faces inside the membrane
A
Hydrophobic fatty acid tails
12
Q
Stiffens the membrane, making it less fluid and permeable
A
Cholesterol
13
Q
What are the 2 types of membrane proteins?
A
Integral and peripheral proteins
14
Q
Proteins within the membrane
A
Integral protein
15
Q
Proteins bound to the inner or outer surface of the membrane
A
Peripheral protein
16
Q
What are the functions of membrane proteins?
A
Recognition, carriers, receptors
17
Q
Extend outside of the cell membrane and forms a sticky coat
A
Membrane carbohydrates
18
Q
Sticky sugar coat outside of the cell membrane
A
Glycocalyx
19
Q
What are the functions of glycocalyx?
A
lubrication and anchoring
20
Q
Organelles with no membrane, direct contact with cytosol
A
Nonmembranous organelles
21
Q
What are some examples of nonmembranous organelles?
A
Cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes
22
Q
Organelles covered with plasma membrane, isolated from cytosol
A
Membranous organelles
23
Q
What are some examples of membranous organelles
A
ER, Golgi body, mitochondria, nucleus
24
Q
Structural proteins for shape, strength, and movement of substances
A
Cytoskeleton
25
What is the cytoskeleton made up of?
Microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments
26
Finger-shaped extensions of cell membrane to increase surface area for absorption
Microvilli
27
Groups of microtubules involved in moving chromosomes during cell division
Centriole
28
Small hair-like extensions that move fluids across the cell surface
Cilia
29
What are the 2 types of ribosomes?
Free and fixed
30
Manufacture proteins for cell
Free ribosomes
31
Manufacture proteins for secretion
Fixed ribosomes
32
Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
Smooth ER
33
Synthesizes proteins, encloses products in transport vesicles which carry proteins to Golgi body
Rough ER
34
Modify proteins coming from rough ER and packages them in vesicles
Golgi Body
35
What are the 3 types of vesicles that carry material away from the Golgi body?
Secretory, membrane renewal, lysosomes
36
Modify and package products for exocytosis
Secretory vesicle
37
Add or remove plasma membrane components
Membrane renewal vesicles
38
Carry enzymes to cytosol for use within the cell
Lysosome
39
Produce ATP for the cell
Mitochondria
40
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytosol
41
What happens during glycolysis?
Glucose is converted into 2 pyruvate
42
Where is pyruvate absorbed in?
Mitochondria
43
Where does aerobic respiration (Cellular respiration) occur?
Mitochondria
44
What happens during aerobic respiration?
CO2 is removed from pyruvate, oxygen is used and water comes out as a product
45
Largest organelle and the cell's control center
Nucleus
46
Separates nuclear contents from cytoplasm
Nuclear envelope
47
Communication passages; RNA comes out of this
Nuclear pore
48
Contains instructions to make every protein in the body
DNA
49
Loosely coiled DNA (cells not dividing)
Chromatin
50
Tightly coiled DNA (Cells dividing)
Chromosomes
51
Somatic cells have __ chromosomes
46
52
Gametes have __ chromosomes
23
53
Sequence of nitrogenous bases in the DNA molecule
Chemical language of DNA instructions
54
3 bases = 1 amino acid
Triplet code
55
Enzymes copy directions from DNA to mRNA
Transcription
56
Ribosomes read codon on mRNA and tRNA anticodon delivers an amino acid to mRNA codon in ribosome; mRNA codon is translated into 1 amino acid
Translation
57
How is a peptide bond formed?
rRNA connects 2 amino acids
58
What goes into the cell membrane?
Nutrients
59
What gets out of the cell membrane?
Wastes and products
60
Plasma membrane allows some materials to move freely
Selectively permeable
61
What are the 3 major categories of transport?
Diffusion, carrier mediated transport, vesicular transport
62
What categories of transport are passive?
Diffusion, carrier-mediated transport
63
What categories of transport are active?
Carrier-mediated transport, vesicular transport
64
Amount of solute in a solvent
Concentration
65
More solute in one part of a solvent than another
Concentration gradient
66
Diffusion of water across the cell membrane
Osmosis
67
What direction does water diffuse across the membrane?
Solution with more solutes
68
Ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
Tonicity
69
Solution that does not cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell
Isotonic
70
Less solutes and loses water through osmosis
Hypotonic
71
What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?
Water moves into the cell; lyse
72
Has more solutes and gains water by osmosis
Hypertonic
73
What happens to cell in a hypertonic solution?
Water moves out of the cell; crenate
74
Integral protein binds ions and other solutes and carry them across the membrane
Carrier mediated transport
75
What are some examples of carrier mediated transport?
Active transport, facilitated diffusion
76
Substances move down their concentration gradient with the help of carrier proteins
Facilitated diffusion
77
Is facilitated diffusion active or passive transport?
Passive
78
Transport large molecules and lipid insoluble molecules through the plasma membrane
Carrier protein
79
Proteins that move substrates against the concentration gradient and requires ATP
Active transport
80
What is an example of active transport?
Sodium potassium pumps
81
Concentration gradient of one substance drives the active transport of another substance in the same direction without the immediate use of ATP
Secondary active transport
82
Materials move in or out of cell in vesicles
Vesicular transport
83
Is vesicular transport active or passive transport?
Active
84
What are the 2 major types of vesicular transport?
Endocytosis and exocytosis
85
What are the 2 types of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis, pinocytosis
86
Cell eating
Phagocytosis
87
Cell drinking
Pinocytosis
88
Vesicle inside cell fuses with and becomes part of the cell membrane
Exocytosis
89
What makes up interphase?
Gap 1, synthesis, Gap 2
90
DNA replication phase
Synthesis
91
What makes up the mitotic phase?
Mitosis, cytokinesis
92
Occur in homologous pairs in somatic cells; must replicate before a cell can divide
chromosome
93
Pair of identical chromosomes after a chromosome duplicates itself
Chromatids
94
Nuclear envelope bounds the nucleus, nucleolus is still present, chromatin is replicated
Interphase
95
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, centrioles replicate and move to opposite sides of the cell, nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappears
Prophase
96
Chromatids line up at the equator of the cell due to the microtubules int he centrioles pushing and pulling them
Metaphase
97
Identical chromosomes
Chromatids
98
Chromatids are pulled apart
Anaphase
99
Daughter nuclei begin to form, chromosomes unwind into chromatin, cytokinesis occurs
Telophase
100
Illness that disrupts the normal rates of cell division
Cancer
101
Permanent DNA sequence changes
Mutation
102
What types of tissues is cancer most common in?
Actively dividing cells (skin and intestinal lining)
103
What are the 2 types of cancerous tumors?
Malignant and Benign
104
Remains in original tissue
Benign
105
Accelerated growth due to blood vessel growth and supply to the area
Malignant
106
Formation of secondary tumors
Metastasis
