Cellular Level of Organization (End of Unit 1) Flashcards
Smallest structural unit capable of life
Cells
What are the 2 classes of cells?
Somatic, sex cells
Reproductive cells
Sex cells
All body cells
Somatic cells
Watery medium that surrounds a cell
ECF
Separate cytoplasm from the ECF
Cell membrane
What is cytoplasm composed of?
Cytosol, organelles
Double layer of phospholipid molecules
Phospholipid bilayer
What organic molecules are included in the cell membrane?
Lipids, protein, carbohydrates
Point towards watery environment
Hydrophilic heads
Part of phospholipid that faces inside the membrane
Hydrophobic fatty acid tails
Stiffens the membrane, making it less fluid and permeable
Cholesterol
What are the 2 types of membrane proteins?
Integral and peripheral proteins
Proteins within the membrane
Integral protein
Proteins bound to the inner or outer surface of the membrane
Peripheral protein
What are the functions of membrane proteins?
Recognition, carriers, receptors
Extend outside of the cell membrane and forms a sticky coat
Membrane carbohydrates
Sticky sugar coat outside of the cell membrane
Glycocalyx
What are the functions of glycocalyx?
lubrication and anchoring
Organelles with no membrane, direct contact with cytosol
Nonmembranous organelles
What are some examples of nonmembranous organelles?
Cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes
Organelles covered with plasma membrane, isolated from cytosol
Membranous organelles
What are some examples of membranous organelles
ER, Golgi body, mitochondria, nucleus
Structural proteins for shape, strength, and movement of substances
Cytoskeleton
What is the cytoskeleton made up of?
Microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments
Finger-shaped extensions of cell membrane to increase surface area for absorption
Microvilli
Groups of microtubules involved in moving chromosomes during cell division
Centriole
Small hair-like extensions that move fluids across the cell surface
Cilia
What are the 2 types of ribosomes?
Free and fixed
Manufacture proteins for cell
Free ribosomes
Manufacture proteins for secretion
Fixed ribosomes
Synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
Smooth ER
Synthesizes proteins, encloses products in transport vesicles which carry proteins to Golgi body
Rough ER
Modify proteins coming from rough ER and packages them in vesicles
Golgi Body
What are the 3 types of vesicles that carry material away from the Golgi body?
Secretory, membrane renewal, lysosomes
Modify and package products for exocytosis
Secretory vesicle
Add or remove plasma membrane components
Membrane renewal vesicles
Carry enzymes to cytosol for use within the cell
Lysosome
Produce ATP for the cell
Mitochondria
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytosol
What happens during glycolysis?
Glucose is converted into 2 pyruvate
Where is pyruvate absorbed in?
Mitochondria
Where does aerobic respiration (Cellular respiration) occur?
Mitochondria
What happens during aerobic respiration?
CO2 is removed from pyruvate, oxygen is used and water comes out as a product
Largest organelle and the cell’s control center
Nucleus
Separates nuclear contents from cytoplasm
Nuclear envelope
Communication passages; RNA comes out of this
Nuclear pore
Contains instructions to make every protein in the body
DNA
Loosely coiled DNA (cells not dividing)
Chromatin
Tightly coiled DNA (Cells dividing)
Chromosomes
Somatic cells have __ chromosomes
46
Gametes have __ chromosomes
23
Sequence of nitrogenous bases in the DNA molecule
Chemical language of DNA instructions
3 bases = 1 amino acid
Triplet code
Enzymes copy directions from DNA to mRNA
Transcription
Ribosomes read codon on mRNA and tRNA anticodon delivers an amino acid to mRNA codon in ribosome; mRNA codon is translated into 1 amino acid
Translation
How is a peptide bond formed?
rRNA connects 2 amino acids
What goes into the cell membrane?
Nutrients
What gets out of the cell membrane?
Wastes and products
Plasma membrane allows some materials to move freely
Selectively permeable
What are the 3 major categories of transport?
Diffusion, carrier mediated transport, vesicular transport
What categories of transport are passive?
Diffusion, carrier-mediated transport
What categories of transport are active?
Carrier-mediated transport, vesicular transport
Amount of solute in a solvent
Concentration
More solute in one part of a solvent than another
Concentration gradient
Diffusion of water across the cell membrane
Osmosis
What direction does water diffuse across the membrane?
Solution with more solutes
Ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
Tonicity
Solution that does not cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell
Isotonic
Less solutes and loses water through osmosis
Hypotonic
What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?
Water moves into the cell; lyse
Has more solutes and gains water by osmosis
Hypertonic
What happens to cell in a hypertonic solution?
Water moves out of the cell; crenate
Integral protein binds ions and other solutes and carry them across the membrane
Carrier mediated transport
What are some examples of carrier mediated transport?
Active transport, facilitated diffusion
Substances move down their concentration gradient with the help of carrier proteins
Facilitated diffusion
Is facilitated diffusion active or passive transport?
Passive
Transport large molecules and lipid insoluble molecules through the plasma membrane
Carrier protein
Proteins that move substrates against the concentration gradient and requires ATP
Active transport
What is an example of active transport?
Sodium potassium pumps
Concentration gradient of one substance drives the active transport of another substance in the same direction without the immediate use of ATP
Secondary active transport
Materials move in or out of cell in vesicles
Vesicular transport
Is vesicular transport active or passive transport?
Active
What are the 2 major types of vesicular transport?
Endocytosis and exocytosis
What are the 2 types of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis, pinocytosis
Cell eating
Phagocytosis
Cell drinking
Pinocytosis
Vesicle inside cell fuses with and becomes part of the cell membrane
Exocytosis
What makes up interphase?
Gap 1, synthesis, Gap 2
DNA replication phase
Synthesis
What makes up the mitotic phase?
Mitosis, cytokinesis
Occur in homologous pairs in somatic cells; must replicate before a cell can divide
chromosome
Pair of identical chromosomes after a chromosome duplicates itself
Chromatids
Nuclear envelope bounds the nucleus, nucleolus is still present, chromatin is replicated
Interphase
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, centrioles replicate and move to opposite sides of the cell, nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappears
Prophase
Chromatids line up at the equator of the cell due to the microtubules int he centrioles pushing and pulling them
Metaphase
Identical chromosomes
Chromatids
Chromatids are pulled apart
Anaphase
Daughter nuclei begin to form, chromosomes unwind into chromatin, cytokinesis occurs
Telophase
Illness that disrupts the normal rates of cell division
Cancer
Permanent DNA sequence changes
Mutation
What types of tissues is cancer most common in?
Actively dividing cells (skin and intestinal lining)
What are the 2 types of cancerous tumors?
Malignant and Benign
Remains in original tissue
Benign
Accelerated growth due to blood vessel growth and supply to the area
Malignant
Formation of secondary tumors
Metastasis