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BI 121 > Cumulative Exam Part 2 > Flashcards

Cumulative Exam Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 classes of cells?

A

Somatic, sex

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2
Q

What organic molecules are included in the cell membrane?

A

Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates

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3
Q

Proteins within the membrane

A

Integral protein

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4
Q

Proteins bound to the inner or outer surface of the membrane

A

Peripheral protein

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5
Q

What are the functions of membrane proteins?

A

Recognition, carrier, receptors

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6
Q

Finger-shaped extensions of cell membrane to increase surface area for absorption

A

Microvilli

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7
Q

Small hair-like extensions that move fluids across the cell surface

A

Cilia

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8
Q

Synthesizes proteins, encloses products in transport vesicles which carry proteins to Golgi body

A

Rough ER

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9
Q

Produce ATP for the cell

A

Mitochondria

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10
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytosol

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11
Q

What happens during glycolysis?

A

Glucose is converted into 2 pyruvate

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12
Q

Where does aerobic respiration (Cellular respiration) occur?

A

Mitochondria

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13
Q

What happens during aerobic respiration?

A

CO2 is removed from pyruvate, oxygen is used and water comes out as a product

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14
Q

Contains instructions to make every protein in the body

A

DNA

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15
Q

Loosely coiled DNA (cells not dividing)

A

Chromatin

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16
Q

Tightly coiled DNA (Cells dividing)

A

Chromosomes

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17
Q

Somatic cells have __ chromosomes

A

46

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18
Q

Enzymes copy directions from DNA to mRNA

A

Transcription

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19
Q

Ribosomes read codon on mRNA and tRNA anticodon delivers an amino acid to mRNA codon in ribosome; mRNA codon is translated into 1 amino acid

A

Translation

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20
Q

Plasma membrane allows some materials to move freely

A

Selectively permeable

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21
Q

Diffusion of water across the cell membrane

A

Osmosis

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22
Q

Diffusion that requires energy

A

Active transport

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23
Q

Solution that does not cause osmotic flow of water in or out of a cell

A

Isotonic

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24
Q

Less solutes and loses water through osmosis

A

Hypotonic

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25
What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?
Water moves into the cell; lyse
26
Has more solutes and gains water by osmosis
Hypertonic
27
What happens to cell in a hypertonic solution?
Water moves out of the cell; crenate
28
Materials move in or out of cell in vesicles
Vesicular transport
29
What are the 2 major types of vesicular transport?
Endocytosis, exocytosis
30
What are the 2 types of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis, pinocytosis
31
Cell eating
Phagocytosis
32
Cell drinking
Pinocytosis
33
Pair of identical chromosomes after a chromosome duplicates itself
Chromatids
34
Nuclear envelope bounds the nucleus, nucleolus is still present, chromatin is replicated
Interphase
35
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, centrioles replicate and move to opposite sides of the cell, nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappears
Prophase
36
Chromatids line up at the equator of the cell due to the microtubules int he centrioles pushing and pulling them
Metaphase
37
Chromatids are pulled apart
Anaphase
38
Daughter nuclei begin to form, chromosomes unwind into chromatin, cytokinesis occurs
Telophase
39
What are the 6 functions of the integumentary system?
Protect underlying tissues and organs excretes salts, water, organic wastes maintains body temperature stores lipids synthesize vitamin D3 Detects touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
40
What are the 2 parts of the integument?
Cutaneous and accessory structures
41
Includes the epidermis and dermis
Cutaneous
42
Includes the hair, nails, and exocrine glands
Accessory structures
43
Glands that secretes onto surfaces and ducts
Exocrine glands
44
Outermost protective shield, 4-5 layers of stratified squamous cells, avascular
Epidermis
45
What type of tissue make up the epidermis?
Epithelium
46
What type of tissue make up the dermis?
Connective
47
Tough leathery layer, vascular
Dermis
48
What are the functions of the hypodermis?
Stabilize and support integument
49
What type of tissues make up the hypodermic?
Areolar and adipose
50
What are the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep?
Stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
51
Mitotic stem cells; 25% of these cells are melanocytes
Stratum basale
52
Infrequent mitosis
Stratum spinosum
53
Transition layer where keratinization begins
Stratum granulosum
54
Present only in thick skin
Stratum lucidum
55
15- 30 cells thick, continuously shed, keratinized
Stratum corneum
56
What are the 2 influences on skin color?
Pigment, degree of dermal blood circulation
57
Yellow-black pigment that are stored in transport vesicles and transferred to keratinocytes
Melanin
58
Where are melanocytes found?
Stratum basale
59
What does melanin protect us from?
UV radiation
60
Liver and kidneys convert vitamin D3 into _____
Calcitriol
61
Aids in absorption of calcium
Calcitriol
62
What are the effects of aging on integument?
Epidermal and dermal thinning, decrease in melanocyte activity, increase risk of infection and sun damage, slower skin repair, decreased vitamin D3 synthesis, diminished blood supply, decreased glandular activity
63
Does chronic mechanical stress increase or decrease the number of cell layers in the skin?
Increase
64
Replacement of integument with acellular, inflexible, tissue which lacks glands and hair follicles
Scar tissue

BI 121 (28 decks)

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