Muscular System Part 2

Question 1

Treats back muscle spasms, uncontrolled blinking, wrinkles

Answer 1

Botox

Question 2

Inhibits AChE, causes potentially fatal paralytic convulsions

Answer 2

Nerve gas and insecticides

Question 3

Blocks ACh receptors, stops muscles from contracting

Answer 3

Curare, Cobra toxin

Question 4

What are the 3 factors that determine how long a contraction will last?

Answer 4

Duration of neural stimulation, Number of calcium and ATP

Question 5

What are 3 ways to increase tension of skeletal muscle fibers?

Answer 5

Changes sarcomere length, Stimulus frequency, motor unit recruitment

Question 6

What does the number of pivoting cross-bridges depend on?

Answer 6

Amount of overlap between actin and myosin

Question 7

Maximum ability to generate tension

Answer 7

Intermediate fiber resting length

Question 8

When stimulation occurs immediately after the relaxation phase

Answer 8

Treppe

Question 9

Stimulation occurs before relaxation is complete, when stimulus frequency is greater than duration of a single twitch

Answer 9

Wave summation and tetanus

Question 10

Don’t reach maximum tension

Answer 10

Incomplete tetanus

Question 11

Reach maximum tension

Answer 11

Complete tetanus

Question 12

Single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

Answer 12

Motor unit

Question 13

Increase in number of active motor units

Answer 13

Motor unit recruitment

Question 14

What is recruitment controlled by?

Answer 14

Nervous system

Question 15

What indicates how fine the control of movement will be in motor units?

Answer 15

Size

Question 16

Contraction where tension rises until muscle length changes then remains constant

Answer 16

Isotonic contraction

Question 17

What is an example of isotonic contraction?

Answer 17

walking, running, lifting an object

Question 18

What are the 2 types of isotonic contractions?

Answer 18

Concentric and eccentric

Question 19

Muscle tension overcomes load and muscle shortens

Answer 19

Concentric contraction

Question 20

When load is more than peak tension produced, muscle lengthens

Answer 20

Eccentric contraction

Question 21

Muscle length does not change and tension never exceeds load, contracting muscle bulges but not as much as during isotonic contraction

Answer 21

Isometric contraction

Question 22

What is an example of isometric contraction

Answer 22

Postural muscle contraction

Question 23

What are the 3 sources of ATP in muscles?

Answer 23

Glycolysis, aerobic respiration, creatine phosphate

Question 24

Where does glycolysis occur in muscle? What is produced?

Answer 24

Sarcoplasm; 2 pyruvate and 2 ATP

Question 25

Provides 95% of ATP demands of resting muscle cell; occurs in mitochondria

Answer 25

Aerobic respiration

Question 26

Assembled from amino acids; facilitates regeneration of ATP

Answer 26

Creatine phosphate

Question 27

Most glucose in muscle comes from stored ____

Answer 27

Glycogen

Question 28

What provides most of the ATP at peak activity levels?

Answer 28

Glycolysis

Question 29

What does excess pyruvate convert to?

Answer 29

Lactic acid

Question 30

What are the effects of excess lactic acid?

Answer 30

Decrease pH and cause fatigue

Question 31

Amount of oxygen needed to return to normal prexertion conditions

Answer 31

Oxygen debt

Question 32

What are 3 types of muscle fibers?

Answer 32

Slow, fast, intermediate

Question 33

Can muscle fibers be changed? If so, how?

Answer 33

Yes; training

Question 34

Fatigue resistant, slow to contract, high levels of myoglobin, mitochondria, and blood capillaries

Answer 34

Slow fibers

Question 35

What is an example of slow fibers?

Answer 35

Postural muscles of neck, back, and legs

Question 36

Fatigable, contract quickly, large diameter, low levels of myoglobin, mitochondria, and blood capillaries

Answer 36

Fast fibers

Question 37

What are some examples of fast fibers?

Answer 37

Eye muscles, muscles used for throwing and weightlifting

Question 38

Where is white muscle found mostly in?

Answer 38

Fast fibers

Question 39

Where is red muscle found mostly in?

Answer 39

Slow fibers

Question 40

Fatigue resistant, fast to contract, mid-sized, high levels of myoglobin, mitochondria, and blood capillaries

Answer 40

Intermediate fibers

Question 41

What can increase the effectiveness of each muscle type with proper training?

Answer 41

Sport specificity

Question 42

What type of sport can increase fast fibers?

Answer 42

Fast intensive workouts

Question 43

What type of workout can increase the number of slow fibers?

Answer 43

Slow, long workouts

Question 44

Congenital diseases that produce progressive muscle weakness and deterioration

Answer 44

Muscular dystrophy

Question 45

What is the most common type of muscular dystrophy?

Answer 45

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Question 46

Progressive muscular weakness due to loss of acetylcholine receptors at motor end plate; autoimmune disorder

Answer 46

Myasthenia gravis