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BI 121 > Muscular System Part 2 > Flashcards

Muscular System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Treats back muscle spasms, uncontrolled blinking, wrinkles

A

Botox

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2
Q

Inhibits AChE, causes potentially fatal paralytic convulsions

A

Nerve gas and insecticides

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3
Q

Blocks ACh receptors, stops muscles from contracting

A

Curare, Cobra toxin

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4
Q

What are the 3 factors that determine how long a contraction will last?

A

Duration of neural stimulation, Number of calcium and ATP

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5
Q

What are 3 ways to increase tension of skeletal muscle fibers?

A

Changes sarcomere length, Stimulus frequency, motor unit recruitment

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6
Q

What does the number of pivoting cross-bridges depend on?

A

Amount of overlap between actin and myosin

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7
Q

Maximum ability to generate tension

A

Intermediate fiber resting length

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8
Q

When stimulation occurs immediately after the relaxation phase

A

Treppe

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9
Q

Stimulation occurs before relaxation is complete, when stimulus frequency is greater than duration of a single twitch

A

Wave summation and tetanus

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10
Q

Don’t reach maximum tension

A

Incomplete tetanus

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11
Q

Reach maximum tension

A

Complete tetanus

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12
Q

Single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

A

Motor unit

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13
Q

Increase in number of active motor units

A

Motor unit recruitment

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14
Q

What is recruitment controlled by?

A

Nervous system

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15
Q

What indicates how fine the control of movement will be in motor units?

A

Size

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16
Q

Contraction where tension rises until muscle length changes then remains constant

A

Isotonic contraction

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17
Q

What is an example of isotonic contraction?

A

walking, running, lifting an object

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of isotonic contractions?

A

Concentric and eccentric

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19
Q

Muscle tension overcomes load and muscle shortens

A

Concentric contraction

20
Q

When load is more than peak tension produced, muscle lengthens

A

Eccentric contraction

21
Q

Muscle length does not change and tension never exceeds load, contracting muscle bulges but not as much as during isotonic contraction

A

Isometric contraction

22
Q

What is an example of isometric contraction

A

Postural muscle contraction

23
Q

What are the 3 sources of ATP in muscles?

A

Glycolysis, aerobic respiration, creatine phosphate

24
Q

Where does glycolysis occur in muscle? What is produced?

A

Sarcoplasm; 2 pyruvate and 2 ATP

25
Q

Provides 95% of ATP demands of resting muscle cell; occurs in mitochondria

A

Aerobic respiration

26
Q

Assembled from amino acids; facilitates regeneration of ATP

A

Creatine phosphate

27
Q

Most glucose in muscle comes from stored ____

A

Glycogen

28
Q

What provides most of the ATP at peak activity levels?

A

Glycolysis

29
Q

What does excess pyruvate convert to?

A

Lactic acid

30
Q

What are the effects of excess lactic acid?

A

Decrease pH and cause fatigue

31
Q

Amount of oxygen needed to return to normal prexertion conditions

A

Oxygen debt

32
Q

What are 3 types of muscle fibers?

A

Slow, fast, intermediate

33
Q

Can muscle fibers be changed? If so, how?

A

Yes; training

34
Q

Fatigue resistant, slow to contract, high levels of myoglobin, mitochondria, and blood capillaries

A

Slow fibers

35
Q

What is an example of slow fibers?

A

Postural muscles of neck, back, and legs

36
Q

Fatigable, contract quickly, large diameter, low levels of myoglobin, mitochondria, and blood capillaries

A

Fast fibers

37
Q

What are some examples of fast fibers?

A

Eye muscles, muscles used for throwing and weightlifting

38
Q

Where is white muscle found mostly in?

A

Fast fibers

39
Q

Where is red muscle found mostly in?

A

Slow fibers

40
Q

Fatigue resistant, fast to contract, mid-sized, high levels of myoglobin, mitochondria, and blood capillaries

A

Intermediate fibers

41
Q

What can increase the effectiveness of each muscle type with proper training?

A

Sport specificity

42
Q

What type of sport can increase fast fibers?

A

Fast intensive workouts

43
Q

What type of workout can increase the number of slow fibers?

A

Slow, long workouts

44
Q

Congenital diseases that produce progressive muscle weakness and deterioration

A

Muscular dystrophy

45
Q

What is the most common type of muscular dystrophy?

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

46
Q

Progressive muscular weakness due to loss of acetylcholine receptors at motor end plate; autoimmune disorder

A

Myasthenia gravis

BI 121 (28 decks)

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