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BI 121 > Cumulative Exam Part 4 > Flashcards

Cumulative Exam Part 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Striated, voluntary, large in size, multinucleated

A

Skeletal muscle

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2
Q

How is skeletal muscle attached to bone?

A

Tendons

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3
Q

Functions to move or stabilize skeleton, generate heat, voluntary sphincters

A

Skeletal muscle

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4
Q

Striated but involuntary, intercalated discs, circulates blood and audtorhythmicity

A

Cardiac muscle

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5
Q

Non-striated, involuntary, spindle shaped, controls diameter of passageways, moves food, urine, reproductive tract secretions

A

Smooth muscle

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6
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

Around blood vessels and in walls of hollow organs

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7
Q

What are the 5 functions of muscles?

A

Body movement, stabilize body position, store and move substances in body, heat production, store nutrients

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8
Q

Cell membrane of muscle

A

Sarcolemma

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9
Q

Surrounds each myofibril; stores and releases calcium for muscle contraction

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

Network of tubules used to convey electrical impulses for muscle contraction, allows muscle fiber to contract simultaneously

A

T-tubules

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11
Q

Refers to a wasting of muscle due to the loss of myofibrils within muscle fibers

A

Muscular atrophy

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12
Q

Increase in size of muscle fiber due to increased production of myofibrils

A

Muscular hypertrophy

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13
Q

What is the organization of muscle from superficial to deep? (10)

A

Epimysium, whole muscle, perimysium, fascicle, endomysium, sarcolemma, muscle fiber, sarcoplasmic reticulum, myofibril, myofilament

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14
Q

Striped or striated pattern within myofibrils; alternating dark thick filaments and thin filaments

A

Striations

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15
Q

What is the 1st step in the sliding filament theory?

A

AP leads to release of Ca by sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca binds to troponin causing the active sites on actin to be exposed

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16
Q

What is the 2nd step in the sliding filament theory?

A

Cross bridges form when myosin heads bind onto actin

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17
Q

What is the 3rd step in the sliding filament theory?

A

Myosin heads pivot towards the M line

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18
Q

What is the 4th step in the sliding filament theory?

A

ATP gives myosin heads energy to unattached and reset

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19
Q

Time period of muscle rigidity following death, due to depletion of ATP

A

Rigor mortis

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20
Q

Synapse between motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular junction

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21
Q

Site of communication between somatic motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber of another cell

A

Synapse

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22
Q

How many NMJ’s does each muscle fiber have?

A

1

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23
Q

What is the presynaptic cell in an NMJ?

A

Axon

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24
Q

What is the postsynaptic cell in an NMJ?

A

Muscle cells

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25
Q

Expanded tip of the axon at NMJ

A

Synaptic terminal

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26
Q

Vesicle filled with neurotransmitters

A

Synaptic vesicle

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27
Q

Space that separates synaptic terminal from motor end plate

A

Synaptic cleft

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28
Q

What is the 1st step of physiology at NMJ?

A

Action potential travels down axon to synaptic terminal

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29
Q

What is the 2nd step of physiology at NMJ?

A

Calcium channels open which causes the exocytosis of synaptic vesicles filled with acetylcholine

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30
Q

What is the 3rd step of physiology at NMJ?

A

ACh diffuses in to synaptic cleft and binds onto the surface of sarcolemma at the motor end plate, sodium rushes into sarcoplasm

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31
Q

What is the 4th step of physiology at NMJ?

A

Rush of sodium causes an action potential in the sarcolemma starting the muscle contraction

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32
Q

Enzyme that breaks down ACh

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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33
Q

Stimulation occurs before relaxation is complete, when stimulus frequency is greater than duration of a single twitch

A

Wave summation and tetanus

34
Q

Most glucose in muscle comes from stored ____

A

Glycogen

35
Q

What provides most of the ATP at peak activity levels?

A

Glycolysis

36
Q

What does excess pyruvate convert to?

A

Lactic acid

37
Q

What are the effects of excess lactic acid?

A

Decrease pH and cause fatigue

38
Q

What is the primary function of the nervous system?

A

Communication

39
Q

Brain and spinal cord

A

CNS

40
Q

31 pairs of spinal nerves, 12 pairs of cranial nerves, sensory receptors

A

PNS

41
Q

Deliver sensory information from PNS sensory receptors to CNS

A

Afferent division of PNS

42
Q

Carry motor commands from CNS to PNS muscles and glands

A

Efferent division of PNS

43
Q

Controls voluntary actions, sensory info from skin, joints, skeletal muscles– motor info to skeletal muscle

A

Somatic

44
Q

Controls most involuntary actions, sensory info from visceral organs – motor info to smooth muscle, cardiac, muscle, glands

A

Autonomic

45
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

46
Q

Stimulating effect “fight or flight”

A

Sympathetic

47
Q

Relaxing effect “rest and digest”

A

Parasympathetic

48
Q

Controls GI tract

A

Enteric nervous system

49
Q

Cells that send and receive signals

A

Neuron

50
Q

Non-conducting cells that support, insulate, and provide nutrients to neurons

A

Neuroglial cells

51
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the neuron?

A

Axon, soma, dendrite

52
Q

Highly branched extensions of the cytoplasm that functions to conduct electrical signals towards the cell body

A

Dendrites

53
Q

Perikaryon, contains nucleus

A

Soma

54
Q

Functions to conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body to another neuron, muscle or gland

A

Axons

55
Q

Somas found in aggregates within the CNS

A

Nucleus

56
Q

Somas found in aggregates outside the CNS

A

Ganglion

57
Q

Axons and dendrites found in bundles within the CNS

A

Tract

58
Q

Axons and dendrites found in bundles outside the CNS

A

Nerve

59
Q

Small gap that separates the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane

A

Synaptic cleft

60
Q

Found in brain and spinal cord and special sense organs

A

Anaxonic

61
Q

Special sensory neurons found in retina

A

Bipolar

62
Q

General sensory neurons of the PNS

A

Unipolar

63
Q

Motor neurons found in typical spinal nerve; efferent fibers carry motor impulse away from the CNS

A

Multipolar

64
Q

Form the blood brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

65
Q

Engulf wastes and destroy microbes

A

Microglia

66
Q

Line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord; produce, monitors, and circulates CSF

A

Ependymal cells

67
Q

Produce the myelin sheet around axons of neurons in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

68
Q

Produce myelin sheath around axons and dendrites of neurons in PNS

A

Schwann cell

69
Q

Surround cell body of neurons in ganglia, regulate environment around PNS neurons

A

Satellite cells

70
Q

Increases speed of action potential; gives axons white color

A

Myelin

71
Q

Junction between myelinated portions of axons

A

Node

72
Q

Regions of CNS with myelinated tracts

A

White matter

73
Q

Unmyelinated areas of CNS

A

Gray matter

74
Q

Transmembrane potential of resting cell

A

Resting potential

75
Q

Localized change in resting potential caused by a stimulus

A

Graded potential

76
Q

Electrical impulse; produced by a large enough graded potential

A

Action potential

77
Q

Releases neurotransmitters at presynaptic membrane due to action potential; produces graded potentials in postsynaptic membrane

A

Synaptic activity

78
Q

Response of postsynaptic cell

A

Information processing

79
Q

Potential difference that results form the unequal distribution of positive and negative ions across the plasma membrane

A

Transmembrane potential

80
Q

Is the inside or outside of the cell more negative?

A

Inside

81
Q

More ___ is inside the cell at resting potential

A

Potassium

82
Q

More ___ is outside the cell at resting potential

A

Sodium

BI 121 (28 decks)

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