Cumulative Exam Part 4 Flashcards by Kaitlin C

Striated, voluntary, large in size, multinucleated

Skeletal muscle

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How is skeletal muscle attached to bone?

Tendons

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Functions to move or stabilize skeleton, generate heat, voluntary sphincters

Skeletal muscle

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Striated but involuntary, intercalated discs, circulates blood and audtorhythmicity

Cardiac muscle

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Non-striated, involuntary, spindle shaped, controls diameter of passageways, moves food, urine, reproductive tract secretions

Smooth muscle

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Where is smooth muscle found?

Around blood vessels and in walls of hollow organs

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What are the 5 functions of muscles?

Body movement, stabilize body position, store and move substances in body, heat production, store nutrients

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Cell membrane of muscle

Sarcolemma

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Surrounds each myofibril; stores and releases calcium for muscle contraction

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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Network of tubules used to convey electrical impulses for muscle contraction, allows muscle fiber to contract simultaneously

T-tubules

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Refers to a wasting of muscle due to the loss of myofibrils within muscle fibers

Muscular atrophy

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Increase in size of muscle fiber due to increased production of myofibrils

Muscular hypertrophy

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What is the organization of muscle from superficial to deep? (10)

Epimysium, whole muscle, perimysium, fascicle, endomysium, sarcolemma, muscle fiber, sarcoplasmic reticulum, myofibril, myofilament

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Striped or striated pattern within myofibrils; alternating dark thick filaments and thin filaments

Striations

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What is the 1st step in the sliding filament theory?

AP leads to release of Ca by sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca binds to troponin causing the active sites on actin to be exposed

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What is the 2nd step in the sliding filament theory?

Cross bridges form when myosin heads bind onto actin

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What is the 3rd step in the sliding filament theory?

Myosin heads pivot towards the M line

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What is the 4th step in the sliding filament theory?

ATP gives myosin heads energy to unattached and reset

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Time period of muscle rigidity following death, due to depletion of ATP

Rigor mortis

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Synapse between motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber

Neuromuscular junction

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Site of communication between somatic motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber of another cell

Synapse

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How many NMJ’s does each muscle fiber have?

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What is the presynaptic cell in an NMJ?

Axon

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What is the postsynaptic cell in an NMJ?

Muscle cells

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Expanded tip of the axon at NMJ

Synaptic terminal

Vesicle filled with neurotransmitters

Synaptic vesicle

Space that separates synaptic terminal from motor end plate

Synaptic cleft

What is the 1st step of physiology at NMJ?

Action potential travels down axon to synaptic terminal

What is the 2nd step of physiology at NMJ?

Calcium channels open which causes the exocytosis of synaptic vesicles filled with acetylcholine

What is the 3rd step of physiology at NMJ?

ACh diffuses in to synaptic cleft and binds onto the surface of sarcolemma at the motor end plate, sodium rushes into sarcoplasm

What is the 4th step of physiology at NMJ?

Rush of sodium causes an action potential in the sarcolemma starting the muscle contraction

Enzyme that breaks down ACh

Acetylcholinesterase

Stimulation occurs before relaxation is complete, when stimulus frequency is greater than duration of a single twitch

Wave summation and tetanus

Most glucose in muscle comes from stored ____

Glycogen

What provides most of the ATP at peak activity levels?

Glycolysis

What does excess pyruvate convert to?

Lactic acid

What are the effects of excess lactic acid?

Decrease pH and cause fatigue

What is the primary function of the nervous system?

Communication

Brain and spinal cord

CNS

31 pairs of spinal nerves, 12 pairs of cranial nerves, sensory receptors

PNS

Deliver sensory information from PNS sensory receptors to CNS

Afferent division of PNS

Carry motor commands from CNS to PNS muscles and glands

Efferent division of PNS

Controls voluntary actions, sensory info from skin, joints, skeletal muscles-- motor info to skeletal muscle

Somatic

Controls most involuntary actions, sensory info from visceral organs -- motor info to smooth muscle, cardiac, muscle, glands

Autonomic

What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

Stimulating effect "fight or flight"

Sympathetic

Relaxing effect "rest and digest"

Parasympathetic

Controls GI tract

Enteric nervous system

Cells that send and receive signals

Neuron

Non-conducting cells that support, insulate, and provide nutrients to neurons

Neuroglial cells

What are the 3 main parts of the neuron?

Axon, soma, dendrite

Highly branched extensions of the cytoplasm that functions to conduct electrical signals towards the cell body

Dendrites

Perikaryon, contains nucleus

Soma

Functions to conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body to another neuron, muscle or gland

Axons

Somas found in aggregates within the CNS

Nucleus

Somas found in aggregates outside the CNS

Ganglion

Axons and dendrites found in bundles within the CNS

Tract

Axons and dendrites found in bundles outside the CNS

Nerve

Small gap that separates the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane

Synaptic cleft

Found in brain and spinal cord and special sense organs

Anaxonic

Special sensory neurons found in retina

Bipolar

General sensory neurons of the PNS

Unipolar

Motor neurons found in typical spinal nerve; efferent fibers carry motor impulse away from the CNS

Multipolar

Form the blood brain barrier

Astrocytes

Engulf wastes and destroy microbes

Microglia

Line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord; produce, monitors, and circulates CSF

Ependymal cells

Produce the myelin sheet around axons of neurons in CNS

Oligodendrocytes

Produce myelin sheath around axons and dendrites of neurons in PNS

Schwann cell

Surround cell body of neurons in ganglia, regulate environment around PNS neurons

Satellite cells

Increases speed of action potential; gives axons white color

Myelin

Junction between myelinated portions of axons

Node

Regions of CNS with myelinated tracts

White matter

Unmyelinated areas of CNS

Gray matter

Transmembrane potential of resting cell

Resting potential

Localized change in resting potential caused by a stimulus

Graded potential

Electrical impulse; produced by a large enough graded potential

Action potential

Releases neurotransmitters at presynaptic membrane due to action potential; produces graded potentials in postsynaptic membrane

Synaptic activity

Response of postsynaptic cell

Information processing

Potential difference that results form the unequal distribution of positive and negative ions across the plasma membrane

Transmembrane potential

Is the inside or outside of the cell more negative?

Inside

More ___ is inside the cell at resting potential

Potassium

More ___ is outside the cell at resting potential

Sodium