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BI 121 > Chemical Basis of Life > Flashcards

Chemical Basis of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Smallest stable until of matter

A

Atoms

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2
Q

What are the 3 major types of subatomic particles?

A

Proton, neutron, electron

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3
Q

What 4 elements make up 96.5% of the human body?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

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4
Q

What determines the reactivity of an atom?

A

Electrons in the electron cloud

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5
Q

Outermost shell of each atom that determines bonding

A

Valence shell

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6
Q

How many electrons can a level 1 and level 2 shell hold?

A

2, 8

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7
Q

What do atoms with unfilled valence shells do?

A

Unstable and react with other elements to have unfilled valence shells

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8
Q

What do atoms with filled valence shells do?

A

Stable and won’t react with other elements

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9
Q

Atoms without full valence shells either ___ or ____ electrons to fill their valence shells

A

Share, lose/gain

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10
Q

What are the 3 major ionic bonds?

A

Covalent, ionic, hydrogen

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11
Q

Atom with a positive charge

A

Cation

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12
Q

Atom with a negative charge

A

Anion

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13
Q

Attraction between opposite charges draws the two ions together

A

Ionic bond

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14
Q

Involve the sharing of pairs of valence electrons between atoms

A

Covalent bond

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15
Q

Bonds between adjacent molecules; forms as a result of slightly positive and slightly negative portions of adjacent molecules being attracted to one another

A

Hydrogen bond

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16
Q

Hydrogen bonds between water molecules

A

Surface tension

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of reactions?

A

Decomposition, Exchange, synthesis

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18
Q

Breaks molecules into small components

A

Decomposition

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19
Q

Decomposition using water

A

Hydrolysis

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20
Q

Collective decomposition reactions of the body; releases kinetic energy

A

Catabolism

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21
Q

Combining of atoms or smaller molecules into large molecules

A

Synthesis

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22
Q

Removal of water to form a larger molecules

A

Dehydration synthesis

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23
Q

Collective synthesis of new molecules in the body; requires energy

A

Anabolism

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24
Q

Reactants are shuffled to produce new products

A

Exchange reactions

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25
What makes up metabolism?
Anabolism and catabolism
26
Amount of energy needed to get a reaction started
Activation energy
27
Protein catalysts that lower the activation energy of reactions, speeding up the reaction
Enzymes
28
What are the 4 properties of water?
Lubricant, solubility, high heat capacity, chemical reactant
29
Reduces friction within joints and in body cavities
Lubrication
30
Can absorb a lot o heat energy
High heat capacity
31
Able to dissolve solutes
Solubility
32
Reactions occur in water
Chemical reactant
33
What is an example of water having high heat capacity?
Cooling effect of perspiration
34
Ions in solutions that conduct electric current
Electrolytes
35
Interacts with water
Hydrophilic
36
What is an example of something that is hydrophilic?
Ions and polar molecules
37
Does not interact with water
Hydrophobic
38
What are some examples of stuff that are hydrophobic?
Fats, oils
39
Concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
pH
40
what type of concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide does an acidic solution have?
high H, low OH
41
What type of concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide does a basic solution have?
Low H, high OH
42
More hydrogen ions mean ___ pH
low
43
Less hydrogen ions mean __ pH
high
44
Solute that adds hydrogen ions to a solution; proton donor
Acid
45
Solute that removes hydrogen from a solution; proton acceptor
Base
46
Ionic compound with any cation or anion except H and OH
Salt
47
Compounds that stabilize pH by removing and replacing hydrogen ions
Buffers
48
What is an example of an acid?
HCl
49
What is an example of a base?
NaOH
50
What is an example of a salt?
NaCl
51
What is an example of a buffer?
Rolaids
52
What are the 4 main organic molecules?
Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
53
What do carbohydrates contain?
C,H,O in a 1:2:1 ratio
54
Simple sugars that provide energy
Monosaccharides
55
What is an example of a monosaccharide?
Glucose, fructose, galactose
56
Two simple sugars that provide energy
Disaccharides
57
What is an example of a disaccharide?
Sucrose, maltose
58
Complex sugars that is used for stored energy
Polysaccharides
59
What is an example of a polysaccharide?
glycogen, starch, cellulose
60
Provides twice as much energy as carbohydrates, mainly hydrophobic
Lipids
61
What are the 5 types of lipids?
Fatty acids, glycerides, steroids, phospholipids, eicosanoids
62
Lipids used as an energy source
Fatty acids
63
Hard to break down, no double bond, lipids at room temperature
Saturated
64
Lipids that are easier to break down, has a double bond
Unsaturated
65
Fatty acids attached to glycerol, energy source, storage, and insulation
Glycerides
66
Lipid that is a structural component of a cell membrane and hormones
Steroids
67
Lipid that is a major component of cell membranes
Phospholipids
68
Lipids that are chemical messengers that coordinate local cellular activities
Eicosanoids
69
How many amino acids are there?
20
70
What are some examples of proteins?
hemoglobin, collagen
71
Amino acids linked through dehydration synthesis
Peptide bond
72
3 or more amino acids linked together
Polypeptides
73
Peptides of over 100 amino acids
Proteins
74
What determines a protein's function
Its shape
75
What determines a protein's shape?
Sequence of amino acids
76
Protein shape and function deteriorate due to extreme conditions (pH, temperature)
Denaturation
77
Enzymes are regulatory ____
Proteins
78
Type of protein that facilitate most everything that occur in the body
Enzymes
79
Reactants in enzymatic reactions
Substrates
80
Specific region of an enzyme
Active site
81
Active sites only bind substrates with a certain shape and size
Specificity
82
Each enzyme only catalyzes ___ type of reaction
1
83
What determines the shape of amino acids?
DNA
84
What are the 2 classes of nucleic acids?
DNA, RNA
85
Found in the nucleus, stores genetic information and directs protein synthesis
DNA
86
Controls intermediate steps in protein synthesis
RNA
87
DNA and RNA are strings of _____
nucleotides
88
What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?
Sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base
89
What types of nitrogenous bases pair with each other?
Purines, pyrimidines
90
What type of shape does DNA have? RNA?
DNA: double helix RNA: single strand

BI 121 (28 decks)

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