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BI 121 > Chemical Basis of Life > Flashcards

Chemical Basis of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Smallest stable until of matter

A

Atoms

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2
Q

What are the 3 major types of subatomic particles?

A

Proton, neutron, electron

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3
Q

What 4 elements make up 96.5% of the human body?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

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4
Q

What determines the reactivity of an atom?

A

Electrons in the electron cloud

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5
Q

Outermost shell of each atom that determines bonding

A

Valence shell

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6
Q

How many electrons can a level 1 and level 2 shell hold?

A

2, 8

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7
Q

What do atoms with unfilled valence shells do?

A

Unstable and react with other elements to have unfilled valence shells

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8
Q

What do atoms with filled valence shells do?

A

Stable and won’t react with other elements

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9
Q

Atoms without full valence shells either ___ or ____ electrons to fill their valence shells

A

Share, lose/gain

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10
Q

What are the 3 major ionic bonds?

A

Covalent, ionic, hydrogen

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11
Q

Atom with a positive charge

A

Cation

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12
Q

Atom with a negative charge

A

Anion

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13
Q

Attraction between opposite charges draws the two ions together

A

Ionic bond

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14
Q

Involve the sharing of pairs of valence electrons between atoms

A

Covalent bond

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15
Q

Bonds between adjacent molecules; forms as a result of slightly positive and slightly negative portions of adjacent molecules being attracted to one another

A

Hydrogen bond

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16
Q

Hydrogen bonds between water molecules

A

Surface tension

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of reactions?

A

Decomposition, Exchange, synthesis

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18
Q

Breaks molecules into small components

A

Decomposition

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19
Q

Decomposition using water

A

Hydrolysis

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20
Q

Collective decomposition reactions of the body; releases kinetic energy

A

Catabolism

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21
Q

Combining of atoms or smaller molecules into large molecules

A

Synthesis

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22
Q

Removal of water to form a larger molecules

A

Dehydration synthesis

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23
Q

Collective synthesis of new molecules in the body; requires energy

A

Anabolism

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24
Q

Reactants are shuffled to produce new products

A

Exchange reactions

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25
Q

What makes up metabolism?

A

Anabolism and catabolism

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26
Q

Amount of energy needed to get a reaction started

A

Activation energy

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27
Q

Protein catalysts that lower the activation energy of reactions, speeding up the reaction

A

Enzymes

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28
Q

What are the 4 properties of water?

A

Lubricant, solubility, high heat capacity, chemical reactant

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29
Q

Reduces friction within joints and in body cavities

A

Lubrication

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30
Q

Can absorb a lot o heat energy

A

High heat capacity

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31
Q

Able to dissolve solutes

A

Solubility

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32
Q

Reactions occur in water

A

Chemical reactant

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33
Q

What is an example of water having high heat capacity?

A

Cooling effect of perspiration

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34
Q

Ions in solutions that conduct electric current

A

Electrolytes

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35
Q

Interacts with water

A

Hydrophilic

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36
Q

What is an example of something that is hydrophilic?

A

Ions and polar molecules

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37
Q

Does not interact with water

A

Hydrophobic

38
Q

What are some examples of stuff that are hydrophobic?

A

Fats, oils

39
Q

Concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

A

pH

40
Q

what type of concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide does an acidic solution have?

A

high H, low OH

41
Q

What type of concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide does a basic solution have?

A

Low H, high OH

42
Q

More hydrogen ions mean ___ pH

A

low

43
Q

Less hydrogen ions mean __ pH

A

high

44
Q

Solute that adds hydrogen ions to a solution; proton donor

A

Acid

45
Q

Solute that removes hydrogen from a solution; proton acceptor

A

Base

46
Q

Ionic compound with any cation or anion except H and OH

A

Salt

47
Q

Compounds that stabilize pH by removing and replacing hydrogen ions

A

Buffers

48
Q

What is an example of an acid?

A

HCl

49
Q

What is an example of a base?

A

NaOH

50
Q

What is an example of a salt?

A

NaCl

51
Q

What is an example of a buffer?

A

Rolaids

52
Q

What are the 4 main organic molecules?

A

Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

53
Q

What do carbohydrates contain?

A

C,H,O in a 1:2:1 ratio

54
Q

Simple sugars that provide energy

A

Monosaccharides

55
Q

What is an example of a monosaccharide?

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

56
Q

Two simple sugars that provide energy

A

Disaccharides

57
Q

What is an example of a disaccharide?

A

Sucrose, maltose

58
Q

Complex sugars that is used for stored energy

A

Polysaccharides

59
Q

What is an example of a polysaccharide?

A

glycogen, starch, cellulose

60
Q

Provides twice as much energy as carbohydrates, mainly hydrophobic

A

Lipids

61
Q

What are the 5 types of lipids?

A

Fatty acids, glycerides, steroids, phospholipids, eicosanoids

62
Q

Lipids used as an energy source

A

Fatty acids

63
Q

Hard to break down, no double bond, lipids at room temperature

A

Saturated

64
Q

Lipids that are easier to break down, has a double bond

A

Unsaturated

65
Q

Fatty acids attached to glycerol, energy source, storage, and insulation

A

Glycerides

66
Q

Lipid that is a structural component of a cell membrane and hormones

A

Steroids

67
Q

Lipid that is a major component of cell membranes

A

Phospholipids

68
Q

Lipids that are chemical messengers that coordinate local cellular activities

A

Eicosanoids

69
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

70
Q

What are some examples of proteins?

A

hemoglobin, collagen

71
Q

Amino acids linked through dehydration synthesis

A

Peptide bond

72
Q

3 or more amino acids linked together

A

Polypeptides

73
Q

Peptides of over 100 amino acids

A

Proteins

74
Q

What determines a protein’s function

A

Its shape

75
Q

What determines a protein’s shape?

A

Sequence of amino acids

76
Q

Protein shape and function deteriorate due to extreme conditions (pH, temperature)

A

Denaturation

77
Q

Enzymes are regulatory ____

A

Proteins

78
Q

Type of protein that facilitate most everything that occur in the body

A

Enzymes

79
Q

Reactants in enzymatic reactions

A

Substrates

80
Q

Specific region of an enzyme

A

Active site

81
Q

Active sites only bind substrates with a certain shape and size

A

Specificity

82
Q

Each enzyme only catalyzes ___ type of reaction

A

1

83
Q

What determines the shape of amino acids?

A

DNA

84
Q

What are the 2 classes of nucleic acids?

A

DNA, RNA

85
Q

Found in the nucleus, stores genetic information and directs protein synthesis

A

DNA

86
Q

Controls intermediate steps in protein synthesis

A

RNA

87
Q

DNA and RNA are strings of _____

A

nucleotides

88
Q

What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

A

Sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base

89
Q

What types of nitrogenous bases pair with each other?

A

Purines, pyrimidines

90
Q

What type of shape does DNA have? RNA?

A

DNA: double helix
RNA: single strand

BI 121 (28 decks)

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