Cumulative Exam Part 1 Flashcards
Scientific study of life
Biology
Study of structures of the body
Anatomy
Study of functions of the body
Physiology
Specific ____ are performed by specific _____
Functions, structures
What is the hierarchy of organization from smallest to largest?
Chemical/molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
What are the 4 principle types of tissue?
Epithelium, connective, nervous, muscle
All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment
Homeostasis
Movement of a variable in one direction causes the body to enact processes that cause the variable to move in the opposite direction
Negative feedback
Body increases the change of the stimulus, moves away from homeostasis, alters the variable even more in the same direction
Positive feedback
What terminates positive feedback?
External factors
What is an example of positive feedback?
Blood clotting, contractions during birth
Why is negative feedback more common?
Every time a variable starts changing too much we have to bring it back to normal levels
Slippery and delicate membrane that allows fro movement of organs
Serous membrane
What is the serous membrane consisted of?
Visceral and parietal
Layer that lines the cavity
Parietal
Layer that lines the organ
Visceral
What does the dorsal body cavity consist of?
Cranial and vertebral cavity
What makes up the ventral body cavity?
Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
Serous membrane that lies on top of lung tissue
Visceral pleura
Serous membrane that lines the body wall; outside layer
Parietal pleura
Serous membrane that lies on top of the heart
Visceral pericardium
Outermost layer in the pericardial cavity
Parietal pericardium
Lies against the body wall in abdominal cavity
Parietal peritoneum
Lies on top of abdominal organs
Visceral peritoneum
Smallest stable until of matter
Atoms
What are the 3 major types of subatomic particles?
Protons, neutrons, electrons
Atom with a positive charge
Cation
Atom with a negative charge
Anion
Attraction between opposite charges draws the two ions together
Ionic bond
Involve the sharing of pairs of valence electrons between atoms
Covalent Bond
Bonds between adjacent molecules; forms as a result of slightly positive and slightly negative portions of adjacent molecules being attracted to one another
Hydrogen bond
Hydrogen bonds between water molecules
Surface tension
Breaks molecules into small components
Decomposition
Decomposition using water
Hydrolysis
Collective decomposition reactions of the body; releases kinetic energy
Catabolism
Combining of atoms or smaller molecules into large molecules
Synthesis
Removal of water to form a larger molecules
Dehydration synthesis
Collective synthesis of new molecules in the body; requires energy
Anabolism
Reactants are shuffled to produce new products
Exchange reactions
Interacts with water
Hydrophilic
Does not interact with water
Hydrophobic
Concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
pH
what type of concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide does an acidic solution have?
High H low OH
What type of concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide does a basic solution have?
Low H high OH
Solute that adds hydrogen ions to a solution; proton donor
Acid
Solute that removes hydrogen from a solution; proton acceptor
Base
Compounds that stabilize pH by removing and replacing hydrogen ions
Buffer
What are the 4 main organic molecules?
Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
What do carbohydrates contain?
C,H,O in a 1:2:1 ratio
Provides twice as much energy as carbohydrates, mainly hydrophobic
Lipids
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
Amino acids linked through dehydration synthesis
Peptide bonds
3 or more amino acids linked together
Polypeptides
What determines a protein’s function
Shape
What determines a protein’s shape?
Sequence of amino acids
Protein shape and function deteriorate due to extreme conditions (pH, temperature)
Denaturation
Enzymes are regulatory ____
Proteins
Reactants in enzymatic reactions
Substrate
Specific region of an enzyme
Active site
Active sites only bind substrates with a certain shape and size
Specificity
