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BI 121 > Neural Tissue and Physiology > Flashcards

Neural Tissue and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Study of the nervous system

A

Neurology

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2
Q

What is the primary function of the nervous system?

A

Communication

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3
Q

Brain and spinal cord

A

CNS

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4
Q

31 pairs of spinal nerves, 12 pairs of cranial nerves, sensory receptors

A

PNS

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5
Q

What are the functions of the CNS?

A

Process and coordinate sensory data, motor commands, higher functions

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6
Q

Control activities of peripheral organs

A

Motor commands

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7
Q

Includes intelligence, memory

A

Higher function

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8
Q

Deliver sensory information from PNS sensory receptors to CNS

A

Afferent division of PNS

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9
Q

Carry motor commands from CNS to PNS muscles and glands

A

Efferent division of PNS

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10
Q

What are the 3 components of the PNS?

A

Somatic, autonomic, enteric

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11
Q

Controls voluntary actions, sensory info from skin, joints, skeletal muscles– motor info to skeletal muscle

A

Somatic

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12
Q

Controls most involuntary actions, sensory info from visceral organs – motor info to smooth muscle, cardiac, muscle, glands

A

Autonomic

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13
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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14
Q

Stimulating effect “fight or flight”

A

Sympathetic

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15
Q

Relaxing effect “rest and digest”

A

Parasympathetic

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16
Q

Controls the GI tract

A

Enteric nervous system

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17
Q

What are the 2 general types of nervous cells?

A

Neurons, neuroglial cells

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18
Q

Cells that send and receive signals

A

Neuron

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19
Q

Non-conducting cells that support, insulate, and provide nutrients to neurons

A

Neuroglial cells

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20
Q

Basic function of nervous system, excitable ells that communicate by transmitting electrical impulses

A

Neurons

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21
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the neuron?

A

Axon, soma, dendrite

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22
Q

Highly branched extensions of the cytoplasm that functions to conduct electrical signals towards the cell body

A

Dendrites

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23
Q

Perikaryon, contains nucleus

A

Soma

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24
Q

Gives gray matter to its color

A

Nissl bodies

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25
Q

Somas found in aggregates within the CNS

A

Nucleus

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26
Q

Somas found in aggregates outside the CNS

A

Ganglion

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27
Q

Functions to conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body to another neuron, muscle or gland

A

Axon

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28
Q

Axons and dendrites found in bundles within the CNS

A

Tract

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29
Q

Axons and dendrites found in bundles outside the CNS

A

Nerve

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30
Q

Where soma connects to axon, area adjacent is where action potential is initiated

A

Axon hillock

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31
Q

Bulb shaped structures that contain synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters

A

Axon terminal

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32
Q

Site of communication between a neuron and another cell

A

Synapse

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33
Q

Neuron that sends the messages

A

Presynaptic cell

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34
Q

Cell that receives the message

A

Postsynaptic cell

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35
Q

Small gap that separates the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane

A

Synaptic cleft

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36
Q

Chemical messengers released form postsynaptic cell

A

Neurotransmitters

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37
Q

Afferent neurons of the PNS; delivers info from sensory receptors to CNS via afferent fibers

A

Sensory neurons

38
Q

What are the 2 sensory neurons?

A

Unipolar and bipolar

39
Q

Efferent neurons of the PNS; carry instructions from CNS to peripheral effectors via efferent fibers

A

Motor neurons

40
Q

What is 1 kind of motor neuron?

A

Multipolar

41
Q

Association neurons of the CNS

A

Interneurons

42
Q

What are the 2 kinds of interneurons?

A

Multipolar and anaxonic

43
Q

Found in brain and spinal cord and special sense organs

A

Anaxonic neuron

44
Q

Special sensory neurons found in retina

A

Bipolar neuron

45
Q

General sensory neurons of the PNS

46
Q

Motor neurons found in typical spinal nerve; efferent fibers carry motor impulse away from the CNS

A

Multipolar neuron

47
Q

What is the most common type of cell in the nervous system?

A

Neuroglial cells

48
Q

What are the 2 types of neuroglial cells in the PNS?

A

Schwann and satellite

49
Q

What are the 4 types of neuroglial cells in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, ependymal

50
Q

Form the blood brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

51
Q

Protects neurons from harmful substances in blood

A

Blood brain barrier

52
Q

Engulf wastes and destroy microbes

53
Q

Line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord; produce, monitors, and circulates CSF

A

Ependymal cells

54
Q

Produce the myelin sheet around axons of neurons in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

55
Q

Neuroglia cells within the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

56
Q

Neuroglial cells outside the CNS

A

Schwann cells

57
Q

Increases speed of action potential; gives axons white color

58
Q

Junction between myelinated portions of axons

A

Node of Ranvier

59
Q

Autoimmune disease; myelin sheath is attacked in CNS

A

Multiple sclerosis

60
Q

Regions of CNS with myelinated tracts

A

White matter

61
Q

Unmyelinated areas of CNS

A

Gray matter

62
Q

Produce myelin sheath around axons and dendrites of neurons in PNS

A

Schwann cell

63
Q

Surround cell body of neurons in ganglia, regulate environment around PNS neurons

A

Satellite cell

64
Q

Caused by a bacteria that infects the respiratory tract or skin; releases toxin that damages Schwann cells and destroys myelin sheaths of the PNS, leads to sensory and motor problems

A

Diphtheria

65
Q

Autoimmune disease that damages the myelin sheaths that are produced by Schwann cells in PNS

A

Guillai Barre Syndrome

66
Q

Environmental stimuli are transducer into the common information currency of ___ ____

A

Nerve impulses

67
Q

Transmembrane potential of resting cell

A

Resting potential

68
Q

Localized change in resting potential caused by a stimulus

A

Graded potential

69
Q

Electrical impulse; produced by a large enough graded potential

A

Action potential

70
Q

Releases neurotransmitters at presynaptic membrane due to action potential; produces graded potentials in postsynaptic membrane

A

Synaptic activity

71
Q

Response of postsynaptic cell

A

Information processing

72
Q

Potential difference that results form the unequal distribution of positive and negative ions across the plasma membrane

A

Transmembrane potential

73
Q

Is the inside or outside of the cell more negative?

74
Q

Concentration gradients of ions across the plasma membrane

A

Chemical gradient

75
Q

Due to its chemical gradient, which direction does K want to move through the channel?

76
Q

Due to its chemical gradient, which direction does Ca want to move through the channel?

77
Q

Due to the electrical gradient, which direction does K want to move through the channel?

78
Q

Due to the electrical gradient, which direction does Ca want to move through the channel?

79
Q

Sum of electrical and chemical forces for a particular ion

A

Electrochemical gradient

80
Q

Which way does K move according to the electrochemical gradient?

81
Q

Which way does Ca move according to the electrochemical gradient?

82
Q

Transmembrane potential at which there is no net movement of a particular ion across the cell membrane

A

Equilibrium potential

83
Q

How many mV is the equilibrium potential of K?

84
Q

How many mV is the equilibrium potential of Ca?

85
Q

How does the cell maintain the normal resting potential?

A

Sodium potassium pump

86
Q

Pump that maintains resting potential and powered by ATP

A

Sodium potassium pump

87
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

88
Q

Sodium influx making the membrane potential more positive

A

Depolarization

89
Q

Potassium efflux making the membrane potential more negative

A

Repolarization

90
Q

More polarized than resting potential

A

Hyperpolarization

BI 121 (28 decks)

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