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BI 121 > Neural Tissue and Physiology > Flashcards

Neural Tissue and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Study of the nervous system

A

Neurology

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2
Q

What is the primary function of the nervous system?

A

Communication

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3
Q

Brain and spinal cord

A

CNS

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4
Q

31 pairs of spinal nerves, 12 pairs of cranial nerves, sensory receptors

A

PNS

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5
Q

What are the functions of the CNS?

A

Process and coordinate sensory data, motor commands, higher functions

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6
Q

Control activities of peripheral organs

A

Motor commands

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7
Q

Includes intelligence, memory

A

Higher function

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8
Q

Deliver sensory information from PNS sensory receptors to CNS

A

Afferent division of PNS

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9
Q

Carry motor commands from CNS to PNS muscles and glands

A

Efferent division of PNS

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10
Q

What are the 3 components of the PNS?

A

Somatic, autonomic, enteric

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11
Q

Controls voluntary actions, sensory info from skin, joints, skeletal muscles– motor info to skeletal muscle

A

Somatic

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12
Q

Controls most involuntary actions, sensory info from visceral organs – motor info to smooth muscle, cardiac, muscle, glands

A

Autonomic

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13
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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14
Q

Stimulating effect “fight or flight”

A

Sympathetic

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15
Q

Relaxing effect “rest and digest”

A

Parasympathetic

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16
Q

Controls the GI tract

A

Enteric nervous system

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17
Q

What are the 2 general types of nervous cells?

A

Neurons, neuroglial cells

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18
Q

Cells that send and receive signals

A

Neuron

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19
Q

Non-conducting cells that support, insulate, and provide nutrients to neurons

A

Neuroglial cells

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20
Q

Basic function of nervous system, excitable ells that communicate by transmitting electrical impulses

A

Neurons

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21
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the neuron?

A

Axon, soma, dendrite

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22
Q

Highly branched extensions of the cytoplasm that functions to conduct electrical signals towards the cell body

A

Dendrites

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23
Q

Perikaryon, contains nucleus

A

Soma

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24
Q

Gives gray matter to its color

A

Nissl bodies

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25
Somas found in aggregates within the CNS
Nucleus
26
Somas found in aggregates outside the CNS
Ganglion
27
Functions to conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body to another neuron, muscle or gland
Axon
28
Axons and dendrites found in bundles within the CNS
Tract
29
Axons and dendrites found in bundles outside the CNS
Nerve
30
Where soma connects to axon, area adjacent is where action potential is initiated
Axon hillock
31
Bulb shaped structures that contain synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters
Axon terminal
32
Site of communication between a neuron and another cell
Synapse
33
Neuron that sends the messages
Presynaptic cell
34
Cell that receives the message
Postsynaptic cell
35
Small gap that separates the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane
Synaptic cleft
36
Chemical messengers released form postsynaptic cell
Neurotransmitters
37
Afferent neurons of the PNS; delivers info from sensory receptors to CNS via afferent fibers
Sensory neurons
38
What are the 2 sensory neurons?
Unipolar and bipolar
39
Efferent neurons of the PNS; carry instructions from CNS to peripheral effectors via efferent fibers
Motor neurons
40
What is 1 kind of motor neuron?
Multipolar
41
Association neurons of the CNS
Interneurons
42
What are the 2 kinds of interneurons?
Multipolar and anaxonic
43
Found in brain and spinal cord and special sense organs
Anaxonic neuron
44
Special sensory neurons found in retina
Bipolar neuron
45
General sensory neurons of the PNS
Unipolar
46
Motor neurons found in typical spinal nerve; efferent fibers carry motor impulse away from the CNS
Multipolar neuron
47
What is the most common type of cell in the nervous system?
Neuroglial cells
48
What are the 2 types of neuroglial cells in the PNS?
Schwann and satellite
49
What are the 4 types of neuroglial cells in the CNS?
Astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, ependymal
50
Form the blood brain barrier
Astrocytes
51
Protects neurons from harmful substances in blood
Blood brain barrier
52
Engulf wastes and destroy microbes
Microglia
53
Line ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord; produce, monitors, and circulates CSF
Ependymal cells
54
Produce the myelin sheet around axons of neurons in CNS
Oligodendrocytes
55
Neuroglia cells within the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
56
Neuroglial cells outside the CNS
Schwann cells
57
Increases speed of action potential; gives axons white color
Myelin
58
Junction between myelinated portions of axons
Node of Ranvier
59
Autoimmune disease; myelin sheath is attacked in CNS
Multiple sclerosis
60
Regions of CNS with myelinated tracts
White matter
61
Unmyelinated areas of CNS
Gray matter
62
Produce myelin sheath around axons and dendrites of neurons in PNS
Schwann cell
63
Surround cell body of neurons in ganglia, regulate environment around PNS neurons
Satellite cell
64
Caused by a bacteria that infects the respiratory tract or skin; releases toxin that damages Schwann cells and destroys myelin sheaths of the PNS, leads to sensory and motor problems
Diphtheria
65
Autoimmune disease that damages the myelin sheaths that are produced by Schwann cells in PNS
Guillai Barre Syndrome
66
Environmental stimuli are transducer into the common information currency of ___ ____
Nerve impulses
67
Transmembrane potential of resting cell
Resting potential
68
Localized change in resting potential caused by a stimulus
Graded potential
69
Electrical impulse; produced by a large enough graded potential
Action potential
70
Releases neurotransmitters at presynaptic membrane due to action potential; produces graded potentials in postsynaptic membrane
Synaptic activity
71
Response of postsynaptic cell
Information processing
72
Potential difference that results form the unequal distribution of positive and negative ions across the plasma membrane
Transmembrane potential
73
Is the inside or outside of the cell more negative?
Inside
74
Concentration gradients of ions across the plasma membrane
Chemical gradient
75
Due to its chemical gradient, which direction does K want to move through the channel?
outside
76
Due to its chemical gradient, which direction does Ca want to move through the channel?
Inside
77
Due to the electrical gradient, which direction does K want to move through the channel?
Inside
78
Due to the electrical gradient, which direction does Ca want to move through the channel?
Inside
79
Sum of electrical and chemical forces for a particular ion
Electrochemical gradient
80
Which way does K move according to the electrochemical gradient?
Out
81
Which way does Ca move according to the electrochemical gradient?
Inside
82
Transmembrane potential at which there is no net movement of a particular ion across the cell membrane
Equilibrium potential
83
How many mV is the equilibrium potential of K?
-90
84
How many mV is the equilibrium potential of Ca?
66
85
How does the cell maintain the normal resting potential?
Sodium potassium pump
86
Pump that maintains resting potential and powered by ATP
Sodium potassium pump
87
What is the resting membrane potential?
-70 mV
88
Sodium influx making the membrane potential more positive
Depolarization
89
Potassium efflux making the membrane potential more negative
Repolarization
90
More polarized than resting potential
Hyperpolarization

BI 121 (28 decks)

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