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ZZZ - ZOO100 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Phylogeny > Skeletal System 3 - Skull and Visceral Skeleton > Flashcards

Skeletal System 3 - Skull and Visceral Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What does the vertebrate skull consist of

A
  1. neurocranium
  2. dermatocranium
  3. splanchnocranium
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2
Q

also called endocranium or primary braincase

A

neurocranium

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3
Q

lies superficial to neurocranium, has a large number of bones

A

dermatocranium

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4
Q

part of the skull that supports the jaws and is made up of bones and cartilage

A

splanchnocranium

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5
Q
  • protects the brain
  • begins as cartilage that is partly or entirely replaced by bone (except in cartilaginous fishes)
A

neurocranium or chondrocranium

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6
Q

how does the neurocranium begin

A

pair of parachordal and prechordal cartilages below the brain

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7
Q

exapnd and join along with notochord from basal plate

A

parachordal cartilage

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8
Q

expands and join to form an ethmoid plate

A

prechordal cartilages

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9
Q

where does the cartilage also appear

A
  1. olfactory capsule
  2. otic capsule
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10
Q

partially surrounding the olfactory epithelium

A

oflactory capsule

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11
Q

surrounds inner ear and also develops into sclera of the eyeball

A

otic capsule

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12
Q

fuses with olfactory capsules

A

ethmoid plate

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13
Q

fuses with otic capsules

A

basal plate

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14
Q

further development of cartilaginous neurocranium

A
  • development of cartilaginous walls and
  • cartilaginous roof over brain (in cartilaginous fishes)
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15
Q

retain a cartilaginous neurocranium (or chondrocranium) throughout life

A

Cartilaginous fishes

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16
Q

retain highly cartilaginous neurocranium that is covered by membrane bone

A
  • Bony fishes
  • lungfishes
  • most ganoids
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17
Q

embryonic cartilaginous neurocranium is largely replaced by replacement bone

A

Other bony vertebrates

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18
Q

neurocranial ossification centers

A
  1. ethmoid center
  2. sphenoid center
  3. otic center
  4. occipital center
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19
Q
  • most mammals
  • nasal chamber is large & filled with ridges from the ethmoid bones -turbinals or ethmoturbinals
  • these bones are covered with olfactory epithelium in life - increase the surface area for olfaction (i.e., a more acute sense of smell)
  • tend to remain cartilaginous & formanterior to sphenoid
A

ethmoid center

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20
Q

ethmoid bones

A
  • turbinals or
  • ethmoturbinals
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21
Q

separates the nasal chamber from the brain cavity within the skull

A

cribiform plate

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22
Q

form:
- basisphenoid bone (anterior to basioccipital)
- alisphenoid
- presphenoid bone side walls above basisphenoid

A

sphenoid centers

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23
Q

anterior to basioccipital

A

basisphenoid bone

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24
Q
  • bony process of the sphenoid bone in the skull, located behind each eye
  • can also refer to the greater wing of the sphenoid bone.
A

alisphenoid

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25
Q

side walls above basisphenoid

A

presphenoid

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26
Q

the cartilaginous otic capsule is replaced in lower vertebrates by several bones:
- prootic
- opisthotic
- epiotic

A

otic centers

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27
Q

several bones that replaces the cartilaginous otic capsule

A
  • prootic
  • opisthotic
  • epiotic
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28
Q

opisthotics fuse with exoccipitals

A

Frogs & most reptiles

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29
Q
  • prootic, opisthotic, & epiotic unite to form a single petrosal bone;
  • the petrosal, in turn, sometimes fuses with the squamosal to form the temporal bone
A

Birds & mammals

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30
Q

form a single petrosal bone

A
  1. prootic
  2. opisthotic
  3. epiotic
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31
Q

sometimes fuses to form the temporal bone

A
  1. petrosal
  2. squamosal
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32
Q

cartilage surrounding the foramen magnum may be replaced by as many as four bones

A

occipital centers

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33
Q

four bones that replaces the cartilage surrounding the foramen magnum

A
  1. basioccipital
  2. exoccipital (2)
  3. supraoccipital
34
Q

refers to a part of the occipital bone that forms the floor and walls of the posterior fossa and surrounds the foramen magnum.

A

Basioccipital

35
Q

relating to a bone or region on each side of the foramen magnum of the skull

A

exoccipital

36
Q

bone in the cranium that is located in the upper rear portion and forms part of the rear of the skull

A

supraoccipital

37
Q

all 4 occipital elements typically fuse to form a single occipital bone

38
Q

neurocranium articulates with the 1st vertebra via 1 (reptiles and birds) or 2 (amphibians and mammals) occipital condyles

39
Q

neurocranium articulates with the 1st vertebra via 1 occipital condyles

A
  • reptiles
  • birds
40
Q

neurocranium articulates with the 1st vertebra via 2 occipital condyles

A
  • amphibians
  • mammals
41
Q
  • membrane bones of the skull and mandible
  • lies superficial to neurocranium & forms:
  • bones that form the roof of the brain & contribute to the lateral walls of the skull
  • bones of the upper jaw
  • bones of the palate(s)
  • opercular bones
A

dermatocranium

42
Q

basic pattern of roofing bones

A
  1. crossopterygians
  2. labyrinthodonts
43
Q

a series of paired & unpaired bones along mid-dorsal line of skull

A

Crossopterygians

44
Q

unpaired bones lost & a series of paired bones resulted (nasals, frontals, parietals, & dermoccipitals)

A

Labyrinthodonts

45
Q
  • soft spots
  • occur when neurocranium is incomplete dorsally
46
Q

palatoquadrate is the only upper jaw that develops

A

Cartilaginous fishes

47
Q

palatoquadrate becomes covered with dermal bones (premaxillae & maxillae) that make up the adult upper jaw

A

Bony vertebrates

48
Q

floor on which the brain rests is at the same time the roof of the oral cavity in fishes & amphibians (primary palate)

A

palatal bones

49
Q

a secondary (‘false’) palate develops creating a horizontal partition that separates the oral cavity into nasal & oral passages.

A

Birds, mammals, & some reptiles

50
Q

formed from processes of the premaxillae, maxillae, and palatines.

A

secondary palate

51
Q

fold of the hyoid arch that extends back over the gill slits in holocephalans & bony fishes

52
Q

no vestiges of opercular bones remain

53
Q

neurocranial-dermatocranial complex in tetrapods

A
  1. temporal fossae
  2. secondary palate
54
Q

Different tempral fossae

A
  1. anapsid
  2. synapsid
  3. euryapsid
  4. diapsid
55
Q
  • Has no openings in the skull near the temples.
  • include turtles, which can be fully terrestrial, amphibious, freshwater, or marine
56
Q
  • Has one opening low in the skull roof behind each eye
  • Includes all living and extinct mammals and therapsids.
57
Q
  • One high opening (above the postorbital and squamosal bones)
  • Has openings in the skull bordered by the parietal, postfrontal, postorbital, and squamosal bones.
58
Q
  • Has two openings in the skull behind each eye, one on top of the other
  • include many reptiles and birds
59
Q

consists of 7 sets of paired cartilages in the 7 visceral arches & a series of mid-ventral cartilages (basihyal & basibranchials) in the pharyngeal floor

A

Fish visceral skeleton

60
Q
  • resembles that of sharks except that bone is added
  • Pterygoquadrate become the quadrate bones
  • remainder becomes the palatine & pterygoid bones
  • posterior tip of Meckel’s cartilage becomes an articular bone
A

Bony fishes

61
Q

movement between the upper jaw and braincase

A

cranial kinesis

62
Q

advantage of cranial kinesis

A
  • provides a way to change the size and configuration of the mouth rapidly
  • optimize biting and rapid feeding.
63
Q

disadvantage of cranial kinesis

A
  • lose force
  • difficult to optimize apposition of occlusive surfaces
64
Q

jaw-hyoid complex of fishes requires bracing against some support to function effectively, and the nearest one is the neurocranium (endocranium)

A

jaw suspension

65
Q

Types of jaw suspension

A
  1. autostyly
  2. amphistyly
  3. hyostyly
66
Q

hyomandibula play no role in bracing the jaws (lungfish & tetrapods)

67
Q

jaws & hyomandibula both braced directly against the braincase (extinct sharks)

A

amphistyly

68
Q
  • mandibular cartilage is braced against the otic capsule;
  • jaws braced against hyomandibula (sharks & present-day bony fishes)
69
Q

what happened to the visceral skeleton of tetrapods

A

underwent substantial modification

70
Q

? = embryonic upper jaw cartilage

A

pterygoquadrate (palatoquadrate) cartilage

71
Q

posterior end undergoes endochondral ossification & becomes the quadrate (which articulates with the articular bone of the lower jaw)

A

amphibians, reptiles, & birds

72
Q

dentary (lower jaw) articulates with the squamosal of skull (quadrate separates from the rest of the palatoquadrate & becomes the incus of the middle ear)

73
Q

rod-shaped structure that forms in the mandibular process of vertebrate embryos and plays a role in the development of the jaw and middle ear

A

Meckel’s cartilage

74
Q

Meckel’s cartilage largely ensheathed by dermal bones (as in the above turtle)

75
Q

Meckel’s cartilage have few or no remnants in adult lower jaw

A

Birds & mammals

76
Q

hyomandibular cartilage

77
Q

become part of hyoid apparatus

A

arches III -> V

78
Q

not present in tetrapods

A

arches VI & VII

79
Q
  • consists of a body & 2 or 3 horns (cornua)
  • anchors tongue, provides attachment for some extrinsic muscles of larynx,
  • site of attachment of muscles that aid in swallowing
A

hyoid apparatus of tetrapods

80
Q
  • may have originated as part of a visceral arch, as in sharks (mandibular cartilage)
  • in bony vertebrates, mandibular cartilage is reinforced & largely replaced by a series of dermal bones
A

lower jaw in mammals

ZZZ - ZOO100 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Phylogeny (17 decks)

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