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ZOO100 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Phylogeny > Skeletal System - 1a > Flashcards

Skeletal System - 1a Flashcards

1
Q
  • gives the vertebrate body shape
  • provides support and movement via attachments for soft tissue and muscle
  • protects vital organs
  • major site for red marrow for production of blood cells
  • plays a role in the metabolism of minerals (calcium and phosphorus)
  • helps maintains homeostasis
A

mineralized tissues

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2
Q

Principal types of rigid skeleton

A
  1. exoskeleton
  2. endoskeleton
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3
Q
  • formed from or within the integument
  • bony skeleton derived from the dermis
  • keratinized skeleton from the epidermis
A

exoskeleton

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4
Q

exoskeleton

A
  • bony skeleton from dermis
  • keratinized skeleton from epidermis
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5
Q
  • forms deep within the body from mesoderm and other sources
  • bony skeleton
  • fibrous connective tissue
  • cartilage
A

endoskeleton

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6
Q

endoskeleton

A
  • bony skeleton
  • fibrous connective tissue
  • cartilage
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7
Q

Different types of skeleton based on the composition

A
  1. cranial skeleton or skull
  2. postcranial skeleton
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8
Q

cranial skeleton or skull

A
  1. splanchnocranium
  2. chondrocranium
  3. dermatocranium
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9
Q

postcranial skeleton

A
  1. axial skeleton
  2. appendicular skeleton
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10
Q

axial skeleton

A
  • vertebral column
  • notochord
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11
Q

appendicular skeleton

A
  • limbs
  • girdles
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12
Q

Composition of skeleton

A
  1. mineralized connective tissue
  2. ligaments
  3. tendons
  4. bursae
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13
Q

mineralized connective tissue

A
  1. bone
  2. dentin
  3. cartilage
  4. enamel
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14
Q

forms bone

A

osteoblast

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15
Q

forms dentin

A

odontoblast

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16
Q

forms cartilage

A

chondroblast

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17
Q

forms enamel

A

ameloblast

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18
Q

fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

A

ligament

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19
Q

fibrous connective tissues that attach muscles to bones and help enable movement

A

Tendons

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20
Q

small fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between moving parts in your body’s joints

A

Bursae

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21
Q
  • semirigid supportive axial rod of protochordates and all vertebrate larvae and embryos
  • composed of large vacuolated cells surrounded by elastic and fibrous sheaths
  • stiffening device
A

notochord

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22
Q

except in jawless vertebrates, what happens to notochord

A

surrounded or replaced by back bone during embryonic development

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23
Q

fate of notochord

A
  1. nucleous pulposus
  2. constricted in centrum
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24
Q
  • inorganic components of bone comprise 60% of the dry weight (largely calcium hydroxy-appetite crystals) and provide the compressive strength of bone
  • organic component is primarily collagen, which gives bone great tensile strength
A

bone

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25
Q

bones are largely composed of what

A

calcium hydroxy-appetite crystals

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26
Q

organic component of bone which gives bone great tenstile strength

A

collagen

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27
Q

influence crystal deposition

A

osteoblasts

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28
Q

cementing substance of bones

A

water + mucopolysaccharides

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29
Q

Skeleton based on density

A
  1. compact or osteon bone
  2. spongy or cancelous bone
  3. dentin
  4. accelular bone or aspidin
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30
Q

consist of layers of mineralized collagenous bundles arranged concentrically around a Haversian canal (arteriole, venule, lymph vessel and nerve fibers)

A

compact or osteon bone

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31
Q

what is in the Haversian canal

A
  1. arteriole
  2. venule
  3. lymph vessels
  4. nerve fibers
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32
Q

cylindrical unit of bone that is the functional unit of compact bone

A

osteon

33
Q
  • where osteoblasts can be found
  • filled with interstitial fluid (calcium & phosphate ions constantly being deposited or withdrawn on the matrix)
A

lacunae

34
Q

interconnects the lacunae and houses the protoplasmic processesextending from the osteocytes (bone cells)

A

Canaliculi

35
Q
  • open, interlacing framework of bony tissue with marrow cavities lined by an endosteum
  • constitutes the core of most bone
A

spongy or cancelous bone

36
Q

lines the spongy or cancelous bone

A

endosteum

37
Q

forms rigid framework that provides maximum strength at areas of stress

A

trabeculae

38
Q

arrangement of lamellae in spongy bone

A

irregular

39
Q
  • reticulum of connective tissue fibers that support blood vessels,
  • nerve fibers, and adipose tissue (yellow marrow)
A

marrow

40
Q

(red marrow) in some bones produces RBC and some WBC.

A

hemopoietic tissue

41
Q
  • thin connective tissue that lines the marrow cavity
  • can deposit and remodel bones
A

endosteum

42
Q

dense fibrous membrane that covers all bones except at their articular surfaces

A

periosteum

43
Q
  • odontoblasts not trapped in lacunae
  • odontoblasts found at the inner border, leave behind protoplasmic processes in canaliculi
  • outer layer of dermis, frequently coated by enamel or enameloid
  • dermis of earliest vertebrates
A

dentin / dentine

44
Q

extend all the way to the surface of the dentin

A

dentinal tubules

45
Q

outer layer of the dermis, frequently coated by __ or __

A
  1. enamel
  2. enameloid
46
Q
  • osteoblasts retreat as they deposit bone and leave behind no processes or canaliculi
  • fibrous plates of the flexible scales of modern fishes and cementum of vertebrate teeth
A

accelular bone or aspidin

47
Q

Different types of ossification

A
  1. endochondral or replacement bone
  2. intramembranous bone
48
Q

bones that develop from cartilage

A

endochondral or replacement bone

49
Q
  • develops directly from sheets of embryonic cells
  • face, cranium, clavicle
A

intramembranous bone

50
Q

Stages of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. an ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane
  2. bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted within the fibrous membrane
  3. woven bone and periosteum form
  4. bone collar of compact bone froms and red marrow appears
51
Q
  • within a matrix of collagenous connective tissue
  • cells lie in lacunae
  • intercellular matrix contains a sulfated mucopolysaccharide
A

cartilage

52
Q

where do the cartilaginous cells lie

A

lacunae

53
Q

what does the intercellular matrix of cartilage contain

A

sulfated mucopolysaccharide

54
Q

how do chondrocytes get oxygen and nutrient

A

by diffusion

55
Q

what does cartilage resist

A

compression

56
Q

Types of cartilage

A
  1. hyaline cartilage
  2. fibrocartilage
  3. elastic cartilage
57
Q
  • least differentiated
  • precursor of replacement bone
  • articular surfaces of the bones within the joints of tetrapods
A

hyaline cartilage

58
Q
  • cartilage with exceptionally thick, dense collagenous bundles
  • intervertebral disc of mammals
A

fibrocartilage

59
Q
  • collagenous fibers plus network of elastic fibers
  • pinna of the ear, walls of the outer ear canals; epiglottis
A

elastic cartilage

60
Q

have purely cartilaginous skeletons

A
  • jawless vertebrates
  • elasmobranchs
61
Q
  • when calcium salts are deposited within the intertitial substance of hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
  • jaws of shark
A

calcified cartilage

62
Q

what is deposited in calcified cartilage

A

calcium salts

63
Q
  • process of bone resorption and replacement
  • to accommodate brain growth; in response to mechanical stress
A

skeletal remodeling

64
Q
  • tendons and ligaments that are flat and wide
  • mammalian scalp (gala/galea aponeurotica)
A

aponeurosis

65
Q

site where two bones or carilage meet

A

arthrosis or joint

66
Q

Different kinds of arthrosis or joints

A
  1. diarthrosis
  2. amphiarthrosis
  3. synarthrosis
67
Q
  • freely movable in one or more planes and the articular surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage
  • joint is enclosed in a fibrous capsule lines bysinovial membrane that secretes a lubricatory fluid - e.g. knee and elbow jointsin mammals
A

diarthrosis

68
Q
  • fibrocartilage unites the components of the joint and fibrous joint capsules keep the bones properly aligned
  • no synovial membrane
  • permits limited movement
  • joint between the centra of mammalian vertebrae
A

amphiarthrosis

69
Q

sutured joint

A

synarthrosis

70
Q
  • irregular jagged seam at the junction of two bones that renders the joint immovable
  • roof of the skull
A

suture

71
Q
  • condition wherein the sture between two bones become obliterated during development
  • e.g. skull of birds
A

ankylosis

72
Q
  • joint in the midline of the body in which bilateral bones are separated by a pad of fibrocartilage
  • movement is severely restricted
A

symphysis

73
Q

develop by endochondral or intramembranous ossification in areas subject to continual stress in amniotes

A

Heterotopic bones

74
Q

e.g. of Heterotopic bones

A
  1. os cordis
  2. baculum (os penis)
  3. os clitoris
75
Q

in the interventricular septum of the heart of deer or bovines

A

os cordis

76
Q

septum between the spongy bones of the penis of dogs, basal primates

A

baculum / os penis

77
Q

septum in female mammals

A

os clitoris

78
Q
  • mineralized nodules in tendons and ligaments
  • patella or knee cap
A

sesamoid tendon or bone

ZOO100 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Phylogeny (19 decks)

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