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ZOO100 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Phylogeny > PostLab 1 - Introduction > Flashcards

PostLab 1 - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

study of the structure of vertebrates and of the functional significance of the structure

A

comparative vertebrate anatomy

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2
Q

Two categories of animals

A
  1. invertebrates
  2. vertebrates
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3
Q

no vertebral column

A

invertebrates

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4
Q

with vertebral column

A

vertebrates

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5
Q

transitional between invertebrates and vertebrates

A

protochordates

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6
Q

back or upper side (posterior - human)

A

dorsal

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7
Q

underside (anterior - human)

A

ventral

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8
Q

sides, right and left

A

lateral

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9
Q

dorsal side of humans

A

posterior

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10
Q

ventral side of humans

A

anterior

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11
Q

head end, superior - human

A
  • anterior
  • cephalic
  • cranial
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12
Q

anterior, cephalic, or cranial in humans

A

superior

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13
Q

tail end (inferior - humans)

A
  • posterior
  • caudad
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14
Q

posterior or caudad in human

A

inferior

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15
Q

middle

A

median

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16
Q

nearest the middle of the animal

A

central

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17
Q

nearest the surface

A

peripheral

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18
Q

near the main mass of the body

A

proximal

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19
Q

away from the main mass of the body

A

distal

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20
Q

on or near the surface

A

superficial

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21
Q

some distance below the surface

A

deep

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22
Q

above

A

superior

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23
Q

below

A

inferior

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24
Q

Three principal body axes

A
  1. longitudinal axis (anterioposterior)
  2. dorsoventral axis
  3. left-right axis
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25
Q

Three principal anatomic planes

A
  1. transverse plane
  2. frontal plane
  3. sagittal plane
26
Q
  • divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) halves
  • cross section
A

transverse plane

27
Q

anatomical plane that divides the body into dorsal and ventral sections

A

frontal plane

28
Q

Any plane that divides the body into right and left parts

A

sagittal plane

29
Q

regular repetition of body parts along the anteroposterior axis

A

metamerism or segmentation

30
Q

each division of the body

A
  • metamere
  • segment
  • somite
31
Q

types of segmentation

A

external and internal

32
Q

centralization or localization of nervous structures and functions in the head with accompanying dominance of the head

A

cephalization

33
Q

manifestation of homologous structures in different species

A

homology

34
Q
  • structures that had been inherited from a common ancestor
  • may be similar or broadly dissimilar morphologically and functionally
A

homologous structures

35
Q
  • coincidental resemblance
  • two structures that have the same function
A

analogy

36
Q

example of analogous structures

A

horns of cattle (epidermal) and rhinoceros (dermal)

37
Q

analogous structure evolution

A

convergent evolution

38
Q

homologous structure evolution

A

divergent evolution

39
Q

example of homologous structures

A

pentadactyl limb in vertebrates

40
Q

The Big Four in Phylum Chordata

A
  1. pharyngeal slits
  2. dorsal nerve cord
  3. notochord
  4. post-anal tail
41
Q

openings that connect the inside of the throat to the outside of the neck

A

pharyngeal slits

42
Q

bundle of nerve fibers which runs down the “back”, connects the brain with the lateral muscles and other organs

A

dorsal nerve cord

43
Q

cartilaginous rod running underneath, and supporting, the nerve cord

A

notochord

44
Q

extension of the body past the anal opening

A

post-anal tail

45
Q
  • characterisitc believed to have evolved within a family tree
  • can be used to separate one group from the other
  • possession of feathers is unique to birds and defines all members of the class Aves
A

apomorphy

46
Q
  • trait shared by two or more taxa and their most recent common ancestor
  • derived/specialized or modified
A

synapomorphy

47
Q

similarity in the features of structures in a series within the same individual

A

serial homology

48
Q

example of serial homology

A
  • vertebral column
  • limbs
  • hands
49
Q

characteritic shared by two or more taxa also found in their earliest common ancestor; primitive; generalized

A

symplesiomorphy

50
Q

divergences or speciation events

A

nodes

51
Q

common ancestor shared by all organisms on the cladogram

A

roots

52
Q

most recent common ancestor of the group and all of its descendants

A

monophyletic

53
Q

most recent common ancestor of the group but not all of its descendants

A

paraphyletic

54
Q

does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group

A

polyphyletic

55
Q

study of the organization and relationships of different clades of organisms

A

cladistics

56
Q

animals that have notochord at least in the embryo stage

A

Phylum Chordata

57
Q

Subphyla of Phlym Chordata

A
  1. Urochordata
  2. Cephalochordata
  3. Craniata
58
Q
  • sometimes known as the Tunicata, are commonly known as “sea squirts.”
  • The body of an adult is quite simple, being essentially a sack with two siphons through which water enters and exits. Water is filtered inside the sack-shaped body
A

Subphylum Urochordata

59
Q

consists of notochord extended to the head region

A

Subphylum Cephalochordata

60
Q

chordates with a neurocranium (braincase)

A

Subphylum Craniata

61
Q

craniates without vertebrae

A

hagfish

62
Q

craniates with vertebrae

A

vertebrata

ZOO100 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Phylogeny (19 decks)

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