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ZOO100 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Phylogeny > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Three principal kinds of movement

A
  1. ameboid
  2. ciliary and flagellar
  3. muscular
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2
Q
  • where movement depends on
  • can change their form to relax or contract
A

contractile proteins

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3
Q

most important contractile system

A

actomyosin system

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4
Q
  • supply force for movement
  • restrain motion
  • act on the viscera to effect their activity
  • muscle sphincters that control the passage of materials out of tubular ducts
  • plays a role in heat production
A

muscular system

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5
Q
  • composes the muscular system
  • capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses
A

muscle fibers

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6
Q

Major categories of muscle:
histology

A
  1. skeletal muscle
  2. cardiac muscle
  3. smooth muscle
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7
Q
  • long, cylindrical, multinucleated muscle fibers, each with striations
  • voluntary control
  • usually associated with bones and cartilages
  • contractions are rapid
  • packed with myofibrils
A

skeletal muscle tissue

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8
Q

chain of repeating units

A

sarcomere

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9
Q
  • occurs only in the heart
  • contains myofibrils and filaments of actin and myosin
  • cells are short, mononucleate, often branched and joint to each other by distinct intercalated discs into sheets involuntary and myogenic
A

cardiac muscle tissue

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10
Q
  • lack striations and almost entirely concerned with visceral functions
  • mononucleate, short and fusiform in shape
  • involuntary, contraction are slow and sustained
  • visceral organs except heart, vessels, tubes, ducts
A

smooth muscle tissue

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11
Q

Major categories of muscle:
role

A
  1. somatic muscles
  2. visceral muscles
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12
Q
  • orient the body of the organism in the external environment
  • striated muscles that are attached to the ligaments, tendons and bones
  • derivatives of the myotomes of mesodermal somites
  • innervated by spinal nerves
  • voluntary
A

somatic muscles

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13
Q
  • pharyngeal arches and its derivatives
  • adductors, constrictors, and levators that operate the jaws and successive gill arches
A

branchiomeric somatic muscles

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14
Q
  • maintain an appropriate internal milieu
  • smooth muscles of hollow organs, vessels, tubes, and ducts, intrinsic musculature of the eyeball, erector
  • muscles of feathers and hair
  • includes cardiac muscle
  • derived from splanchnic mesoderm
  • innervated by the autonomic nervous system
A

visceral muscles

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15
Q

consists of skeletal muscle cells (which, in turn, consist of myofibrils and myofilaments)

A

Muscle

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16
Q

extensions of a muscle’s tough connective tissue sheath (fascia & epimysium) that anchor a muscle to its origin & insertion

A

Tendons

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17
Q

immediate source of energy

A

ATP

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18
Q

when is glucose broken down

A

aerobic metabolism

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19
Q

stores and supply glucose

A

glycogen

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20
Q

energy reserve of muscles

A

creatine phosphate

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21
Q

rely heavily on glucose and oxygen

A

slow and fast oxidative fibers

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22
Q

rely on anarobic glycolysis

A

fast glycolytic fibers

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23
Q

incur during anaerobic glycolysis

A

oxygen debt

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24
Q

Classification of skeletal muscle fiber

A
  1. oxidative or glycolytic fibers by ATP source
  2. fast-twitch or slow-twitch fibers by speed of muscle contraction
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25
Q
  • for slow, sustained contractions without fatigue
  • contain extensive blood supply
  • high density of mitochondria
  • abundant stored myoglobin (protein that binds oxygen more tightly than hemoglobin does)
  • important in maintaining posture in terrestrial vertebrates
A

slow oxidative fibers (red muscles)

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26
Q

two kinds of fast fibers

A
  1. fast glycolytic fiber
  2. fast oxidative fiber
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27
Q
  • lacks efficient blood supply
  • pale in color
  • function anaerobically
  • fatigue rapidly
A

fast glycolytic fiber (white muscles)

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28
Q
  • extensive blood supply
  • high density of mitochondria and myoglobin
  • function aerobically
  • for rapid, sustained activities
A

fast oxidative fiber

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29
Q

importance of tendons in energy storage

A

KE is stored from step to step as elastin strain energy in tendons

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30
Q

Vertebrate muscles

A
  1. skeletal, striated, voluntary muscles
  2. non-skeletal, smooth, chiefly involuntary muscles
  3. cardiac muscles
  4. electric organs
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31
Q

skeletal, striated, voluntary muscles

A
  1. axial
  2. appendicular
  3. branchiomeric
  4. integumentary
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32
Q

homologous to the branchial/pharyngeal muscles from fishes to mammals, straited muscles, innervated by cranial nerves

A

branchiomeric

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33
Q
  • site of attachment that is relatively fixed
  • the bone on which it originates is not displaced when the muscle contracts
A

Origin

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34
Q

site of attachment that is normally displaced by contraction of the muscles

A

Insertion

35
Q

free part, in between the origin and insertion

A

Belly

36
Q

long, seamlike tendons in the midventral line of the trunk (linea alba)

A

Raphes

37
Q

e.g. of raphes

A

linea alba

38
Q

tough, thin, sheetlike expances of mammalian tendons and ligaments (galea aponeurotica)

A

Aponeuroses

39
Q

e.g. of Aponeuroses

A

galea aponeurotocia

40
Q

shape of biceps brachii

A

fusiform

41
Q

shape of sternomastoid of mammals

A

straplike

42
Q

type of skeletal muscle that has muscle fibers that attach to a central tendon at an oblique angle, similar to the shape of a feather

A

pinnate muscle

43
Q

shape of diaphragm with a central tendon

A

domed shaped

44
Q

straighten two segments of a limb or vertebral column at a joint

A

extensors

45
Q

draw one segment toward another

A

flexors

46
Q

displacement toward from the midline

A

adductors

47
Q

displacement away from the midline

A

abductors

48
Q

cause a part to thrust forward or outward

A

protractors

49
Q

pull the part back

A

retractors

50
Q

raise a part

A

levators

51
Q

lower a part

A

depressors

52
Q

rotation of a part on its axis

A

rotators

53
Q

rotators that turn the palm upward

A

supinators

54
Q

turn the palm downward

A

pronators

55
Q

making a part more taut

A

tensors

56
Q

compress internal parts

A

consrictors

57
Q

constrictors that make an opening smaller

A

sphincters

58
Q

make an opening bigger

A

dilators

59
Q

same embryonic origin and nerve supply

A

homologies

60
Q
  • skeletal muscles of the trunk & tail
  • hypobranchial muscles & muscles of the tongue
  • extrinsic eyeball muscles
  • metameric
  • segmental because of their embryonic origin; arise from segmental mesodermal somites
A

axial muscle

61
Q

separated by myosepta

A

myomeres

62
Q
  • serve as origins and insertion of segmented muscles
  • separates myomeres
A

myosepta

63
Q

divides myomeres into dorsal and ventral

A

horizontal septum

64
Q

above the septum

A

epaxials

65
Q

below the septum

A

hypaxials

66
Q

separate the myomeres of the 2 sides of the body

A

middorsal and midventral septa (linea alba)

67
Q

elongated bundles that extend through many body segments & that are located below the expanded appendicular muscles required to operate the limbs

A

epaxials

68
Q
  • of the abdomen have no myosepta & form broad sheets of muscle
  • are oriented into oblique, rectus, & transverse bundles
A

hypaxials

69
Q

longest bundles

A
  1. longissimus group
  2. spinalis group
  3. iliocostalis group
70
Q

lies on transverse processes of vertebrae; includes the longest epaxial bundles

A

longissimus group

71
Q

subdivisions of longissimus group

A
  1. longissimus dorsi
  2. longissimus cervicis
  3. longissimus capitis
72
Q
  • lies close to neural arches
  • connects spinous processes or transverse processes with those several vertebrae anteriorly
A

spinalis group

73
Q
  • lateral to longissimus & spinalis
  • arises on ilium & inserts on dorsal ends of ribs or uncinateprocesses
A

iliocostalis group

74
Q
  • shortest bundles
  • remain segmented
  • connect processes (spinous, transverse, & zygapophyses) of adjacent vertebrae
A

intervertebrals

75
Q

side-to-side movements of vertebral column

A

short epaxials

76
Q

arch & support the vertebral column

A

short & long bundles

77
Q

attach to & move the skull

A

most anterior bundles

78
Q
  • myosepta & ribs restricted to the thorax
  • hypaxials form 3 layers: external oblique, internal oblique, & transverse
A

modern amniotes

79
Q
  • weakly developed in most fish;
  • ‘stronger’ in tetrapods
  • support ventral body wall & aid in arching the back
  • in mammals - rectus abdominis
A

Rectus muscles

80
Q
  • hypobranchials extend forward from pectoral girdle & insert on mandible, hyoid, and gill cartilages
  • hypobranchials strengthen floor of pharynx and assist branchiomeric muscles in elevating floor of mouth, lowering jaw, and extending gill pouches
A

Fish

81
Q
  • hypobranchials stabilize and move hyoid apparatusand larynx
  • the tongue of amniotes is a ‘sac’ anchored to hyoid skeleton & filled with hypobranchial muscle
A

Tetrapods

82
Q
  • consists of a number of electric disc piles in either vertical or horizontal columns
  • each disc (electroplax) is a large coin-shaped cells
  • functions: defense, communication, locating prey (electrolocation)
A

Electric organs

83
Q
A

ZOO100 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Phylogeny (19 decks)

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