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ZOO100 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Phylogeny > Postlab 4 - Integument > Flashcards

Postlab 4 - Integument Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the integumentary system

A
  1. protective wrapping
  2. regulatory function
  3. information getting
  4. excretory function
  5. respiratory function
  6. survival
  7. behavioral interactions between individuals
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2
Q
  • mechanical protection against abrasion and puncture
  • effective barrier against bacteria
  • moisture proofing against loss or gain
  • protective underlying cells against UV
A

protective wrapping

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3
Q

temperature regulation

A

regulatory and excretory function

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4
Q

sensory receptors

A

information getting

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5
Q

nourishment of the young

A

survival

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6
Q

Two layers of the skin

A
  1. epidermis
  2. dermis
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7
Q
  • outer layer
  • with nonliving coverings in craniates
  • granular, avascular
A

epidermis

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8
Q

outer layer in fishes

A

mucus

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9
Q
  • outer layer in terrestrial craniates
  • dead and water-impervious cornified cells
  • minimizes water loss
A

stratum corneum

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10
Q

secretes irritating or toxic alkaloids and many pheromones

A

granular glands

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11
Q

musous glands on the digits of tree frogs

A

holdfast

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12
Q

restrains female during copulation in male anurans

A

swollen mucous glands on thumb pads

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13
Q

extensive __ produces a prominent cornified layer

A

keratinization

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14
Q

__ __ and the __ incorporated in the skin prevents dessication

A
  • cornified layer
  • lipid
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15
Q

Different epidermal layers

A
  1. stratum corneum
  2. stratum lucidum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum spinosum
  5. stratum basale
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16
Q

connects the epidermis and the dermis

A

basement membrane

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17
Q

Types of epidermal glands

A
  1. mucous glands
  2. granular glands
  3. avian oil glands
  4. sebaceous / oil glands
  5. sudoriferous / sweat glands
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18
Q

has practically disapperead among terrestrial tetrapods except in mammals

A

mucous glands

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19
Q
  • secrete irritating or toxic alkaloids for defense or pheromones
  • restricted to a localized area of the body
  • toads and reptiles
A

granular glands

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20
Q

granular glands in toads

A

parotid gland

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21
Q
  • located at the base of the tail behind the pygostyle
  • secretes a ipid and protein products that birds collect on the sides of their beak and then smear on their feathers during preening making them water repelland
A

uropygial gland

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22
Q

where is the uropygial gland found

A

behind pygostyle

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23
Q
  • alveolar glands with oily secretions
  • secretion is released into hair follicles in order to condition and help waterproof the fur
A

sebaceous / oil glands

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24
Q

secretions of sebaceous glands

A

sebum

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25
Q

produce a watery product (perspiration or sweat)

A

sudoriferous / sweat glands

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26
Q
  • protection agains abrasion
  • offense and defense
  • adjunt of thermoregulation
A

stratum corneum

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27
Q

Specialized stratum corneum

A
  1. scales
  2. claws
  3. horny protuberances
  4. hair
  5. feathers
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28
Q
  • repetitious thickenings of the stratum corneum found only in amniotes
  • squamates
A

epidermal scales

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29
Q

stratum corneum disposed on overlapping folds of the epidermis

A

squamates (snakes, lizards)

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30
Q

large, thin, quadrilateral or polygonal scales

A

scutes

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31
Q

scutes of turtles

A

thick plastron
thinner carapace

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32
Q

where do epidermal scales develop in birds

A

where there are no feathers (facial area, legs, feet)

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33
Q

have hair and scales interspersed over the entire body

A

armadillos

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34
Q

where are scales in mammals found

A

legs and tails

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35
Q

inner layer of scales of lizards and snakes

A

deposited

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36
Q

outer layer of scales of lizards and snakes

A

shed at next molt (ecdysis)

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37
Q

ecdysis lizards

A

large patches

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38
Q

ecdysis snakes

A

outer layer of entire body

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39
Q

modifications of the stratum corneum at the ends of the digits

A

claws, hooks, nails

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40
Q

parts of claw, hooks, nails

A
  1. unguis
  2. subunguis
  3. cuneus
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41
Q

horny dorsal plate

A

unguis

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42
Q

softer ventral plate

A

subunguis

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43
Q

calluslie, cornified; ungulates

A

cuneus

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44
Q

having hoofs; of or belonging to a former group of all mammals having hoofs.

A

ungulates

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45
Q

wrap partially around the terminal phalanx

A
  • unguis
  • subunguis
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46
Q
  • basal amniotes, birds, and most mammals
  • curved and laterally compressed keratinized projections from the tips of the digits
  • protects the tips of the digits from mechanical injury
A

claws or talons

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47
Q

digits of the wings

A

talons

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48
Q
  • plates are highly packed, keratinized cells
  • protection, scratching, and manipulation
  • formed by cells in matrix
A

nails

49
Q

cuticle

A

eponychium

50
Q
  • enlarged keratinized plates at the tips of the ungulate digits
  • thick unguis of a hoof is U or V shaped which consists of dead cells
A

hooves

51
Q
  • distinguish birds from all other vertebrates
  • nonvascular and nonnervous products of the epidermis and keratinizing system
A

feathers

52
Q

Morphological varieties of feathers

A
  1. contour feather
  2. down feather (plumules)
  3. hairlike feathers (filoplumes)
53
Q

gives the bird its contour or general shape

A

contour feather

54
Q

parts of the contour feather

A
  1. shaft
  2. calamus (quill)
  3. rachis
  4. vane
  5. superior umbilicus
  6. afterfeather
  7. inferior umbilicus
55
Q

horny part of feather

A

shaft

56
Q

vane bearing

A

rachis

57
Q

flattened

A

vane

58
Q
  • smooth erector muscles inserted on the walls of feather follicles
  • with extrinsic integumentary muscles, it enable a bird to fluff its feathers
A

arrectores plumarum

59
Q

distinctive tracts

A

pterylae

60
Q

where is pterylae absent

A
  • ostriches
  • penguins
61
Q
  • small, fluffy feather lying underneath and between contour feathers
  • short calamus
  • crown of barbs w/o hooklets
A

down feather (plumules)

62
Q

down feather (plumules)

A
  • short calamus
  • crown of barbs w/o hooklets
63
Q
  • shaft have a few barbs and associated barbules at the tip
  • follicles are richly supplied with tactile nerve endings
A

hairlike feather (filoplumes)

64
Q

follicles of filoplumes are richly supplied with what?

A

tactile nerve endings

65
Q
  • screen eyes, ear and nasal openings of foreign matter
  • around the mouth are tactile receptors
  • w/o terminal barbs
  • head and neck
A

bristles

66
Q

epidermal growths that function in protection

A

hairs

67
Q

main parts of hair

A
  • shaft
  • root
  • follicle
68
Q

found around the hair

A
  1. sebaceous gland
  2. arrector pili muscle
  3. hair root plexus (touch)
69
Q

insulators

A

fur

70
Q

sensitive tactile organs

A

vibrissae

71
Q

Different types of fur

A
  1. guard hair
  2. underfur
72
Q

large, coarse hairs and found on the outer surface of the fur

A

guard hairs

73
Q

beneath the guard hairs and usually much finer and shorter

A

underfur

74
Q

Morphology of the hair

A
  1. root
  2. shaft
  3. cuticle
  4. hair cortex
  5. hair medulla
75
Q
  • base of the hair
  • hair cells are cornifying and dying
  • not separated from the follicular wall
A

root

76
Q

remaining length of hair

A

shaft

77
Q

What does a single hair have

A
  1. dense keratin
  2. air vacuoles
  3. melanin granules
78
Q
  • smooth muscle inserted on the wall of each hair follicle
  • makes the hair stand erect in response to cold, fear, or anger
A

arrector pili muscle

79
Q
  • found only in mammals
  • composed of skina nd underlying bone
  • organs of offense, defense and display
A

horns and antlers

80
Q
  • surface is composed of keratin
  • associated integument produces tough, cornified sheat that fits over the bony core
A

horns

81
Q
  • simple unbranched structures that are never shed
  • found in males and females
A

bovine horns (true horns)

82
Q

have true horns

A

Artiodactyls of family Bovidae

83
Q

branched and the horny covering is shed annually

A

pronghorns

84
Q
  • composd of agglutinated keratinized hairlike epidermal fibers that form a solid horn perched on a roughened area of the nasal bone
  • present in both sexes and are not shed
A

hair horn

85
Q
  • overlying living skin shapes and provides vascular supply to the growing bone
  • not cornified structure but dermal bone attached to the frontal lobe
  • only in males except in reindeer and caribou
  • shedding is under hormonal control
A

antlers

86
Q

overlying living skin

A

velvet

87
Q

have antlers

A

Family Cervidae (deer, elk, moose)

88
Q

animals that have antlers in female

A
  • reindeer
  • caribou
89
Q
  • resemble stunted antlers
  • short bony projections of the frontal bones
  • remain in velvet throughout life
A

giraffe horns

90
Q
  • seies of keratinized plates that arise from the integument
  • act as strainers to extract food from water gulped by the animal
  • seen in mysticete whales
A

Baleen or whalebone

91
Q

where are baleen or whalebone found

A

mysticete whales

92
Q

Other cornified structures

A
  1. rattles
  2. beaks
  3. rooster’s comb
  4. ischial callosities
  5. knee pads
  6. tori
  7. corns and calluses
93
Q

rings of horny stratum corneum that remain after each molt

A

rattles

94
Q

covered with horny sheath

A

beak

95
Q

covered with a thick, warty stratum corneum

A

rooster’s comb

96
Q

Hard, bare “sitting pads” on the buttocks

A

ischial callosities

97
Q

found in camels

A

knee pads

98
Q

apical pads in cats

A

tori

99
Q

are thick, hardened layers of skin that develop when the skin tries to protect itself against friction or pressure

A

Corns and calluses

100
Q
  • dense connective tissue layer, contiains blood vessels, collagenous fibers, nerves, pigment cells, fat cells, and fibroblasts
  • support, cushion, and nourish the epidermis
  • macrophages and lymphocytes
A

dermis

101
Q

two major regions of the dermis

A
  1. papillary layer
  2. reticular layer
102
Q
  • upper dermal region
  • dermal papillae
A

papillary layer

103
Q

deepest skin layer

A

reticular layer

104
Q

primitive fishes

A
  1. ostracoderms and placoderms
  2. hagfishes and lampreys
105
Q

integument produced prominent bony plates or dermal armor that encased their bodies in an exoskeleton

A

ostracoderms and placoderms

106
Q

dermal bone is lost and the skin is smooth and without scales

A

hagfishes and lampreys

107
Q
  • dermal bone is absent
  • covered with placoid scales
A

chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)

108
Q

scales in chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)

A

placoid scales

109
Q

dermis composed of the superficial loose connective tissue and a deeper layer of dense fibrous connective tissue

A

bony fishes

110
Q

Types of scales in bony fishes

A
  1. cosmoid scales
  2. ganoid scales
  3. teleost scales
111
Q
  • in primitive sarcopterygians
  • composed of thick, well developed layer of dentine beneath a thin layer of enamel
A

cosmoid scales

112
Q

where are cosmoid scales found

A

sarcopterygians

113
Q
  • with thick surface coat of enamel and with an underlying layer of dentin
  • dermal bone forms the foundation
A

ganoid scales

114
Q

forms the foundation of ganoid scales

A

dermal bone

115
Q

where are ganoid scales found

A
  • Garke
  • Sturgeon scutes
116
Q
  • lacks enamel, dentin and a vascular bone
  • with lamellar bone which is acellular and mostly non-calcified
A

teleost scales

117
Q

two types of teleost scales

A
  1. cycloid scale
  2. ctenoid scale
118
Q

composed of concentric rings

A

cycloid scales

119
Q

with a fringe of projections along its posterior margin

A

ctenoid scales

ZOO100 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Phylogeny (11 decks)

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