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ZOO100 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Phylogeny > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Dietary categories

A
  1. herbivores
  2. carnivores
  3. omnivores
  4. saprophagous
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2
Q

Four main stages of food processing

A
  1. ingestion
  2. digestion
  3. absroption
  4. elimination
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3
Q

act of eating

A

ingestion

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4
Q

breaking food down into molecules small enough for the body to absorb

A

Digestion

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5
Q

small molecules are taken in by the animal’s cells

A

Absorption

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6
Q

undigested material passes out of the digestive compartment

A

Elimination

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7
Q

Feeding adaptations

A
  1. suspension feeder
  2. deposit feeder
  3. substrate feeder
  4. fluid feader
  5. bulk feeder
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8
Q

sifts through food particles in the water

A

Suspension feeder

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9
Q

filter out plankton, mainly large crustaceans called krill, with whalebone or baleen

A

whales

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10
Q

use gill rakers to strain plankton

A
  • herring
  • other suspension-feeding fishes
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11
Q

eats its way through dirt or sediments and extract partially decayed organic material (detritus) consumed along with the soil or sediments

A

Deposit feeder

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12
Q

lives in or on its food source, eating its way through the food

A

Substrate feeder

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13
Q

sucks nutrient-rich fluids from a living host and is considered a parasite

A

Fluid feeder

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14
Q

eats relatively large pieces of food

A

Bulk feeder

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15
Q

ability of some animals to move their skull bones relative to each other, in addition to the movement of the upper and lower jaws.

A

Cranial kinetism

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16
Q

what do birds lack

A

teeth

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17
Q

tube from mouth to vent or anus

A

Digestive tract

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18
Q

functions of Digestive tract

A
  1. ingestion
  2. digestion
  3. absorption
  4. egestion
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19
Q

major subdivisions of Digestive tract

A
  1. oral cavity
  2. pharynx
  3. esophagus
  4. stomach
  5. intestine (small, large)
  6. anus or cloacal opening
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20
Q

accessory organs

A
  1. tongue
  2. teeth
  3. oral glands
  4. pancreas
  5. liver
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21
Q

digestive organ in fishes, amphibians and most reptiles, lungs in tetrapods

A

Pleuroperitoneal cavity

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22
Q

lungs in few reptiles, birds and mammals

A

Pleural cavity

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23
Q

digestive organs beyond esophagus

A

Peritoneal or abdominal cavity

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24
Q

heart

A

Pericardial cavity

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25
Q

covering of digestive system

A
  1. visceral peritoneum
  2. parietal peritoneum
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26
Q

outer covering of the digestive tract

A

Visceral peritoneum

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27
Q

lines the body wall

A

Parietal peritoneum

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28
Q

embryonic digestive tract

A
  1. foregut
  2. midgut
  3. hindgut
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29
Q

posterior portion of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, most of small intestines

A

Foregut

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30
Q

little remains in adult

A

Midgut

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31
Q

large intestine and cloaca

A

Hindgut

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32
Q
  • midventral invagination of the ectoderm of thehead
  • will give rise to the oropharynx in fishes
  • guarded by oral plate (provide an anterior entrance tothe digestive tract
A

Stomodeum

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33
Q

exit from the hindgut when cloacal plate ruptures

A

Proctodeum

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34
Q

begins at the mouth and ends at the pharynx/ esophagus

A

Oral cavity

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35
Q

complete secondary palate (cleftless) that provides floor for separate nasal passageway from the external nares and pharynx

A

Crocodilians and mammals

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36
Q
  • separates the gums of mammals from cheeks and lips
  • specialized to serve as a suckling and masticatory organ
A

oral vestibule

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37
Q
  • capturing and gathering food
  • taste
  • manipulate fluids and solids in
  • oral cavity swallowing
  • thermoregulation
  • grooming
  • human speech
A

tongue

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38
Q

tongue assist the jaw in holding the prey

A
  • Elasmobranches
  • bony fishes
  • primitive amphibians
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39
Q

lateral lingual swellings are suppressed and intrinsic muscle is usually lacking

A

Birds

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40
Q

tongue immobilized in the floor cavity and cannot be extended

A
  • turtles
  • crocodilians=
  • some birds
  • whales
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41
Q

tongue sometimes long and may move in and out of the oral cavity

A
  • snakes
  • insectivorous lizards and amphibians
  • some birds
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42
Q

attaches tongue to the floor of the oral cavity

A

frenulum linguae

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43
Q

perception of the shape, weight and texture of a solid food by feeling, handling and lifting it; in amniotes

A

Stereognosis

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44
Q

secrete a variety of substances

A

oral glands

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45
Q
  • lubrication and binding- solubilizes dry food
  • oral hygiene
  • initiates starch digestion
  • provides alkaline buffering and fluid
  • evaporative cooling
A

Saliva

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46
Q
  • (lizards, snakes and mammals)
  • venom tranquilizes the prey or dispatches them
A

Poison

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47
Q

vampire bats

A

anticoagulant

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48
Q

Kinds of oral glands

A
  1. labial glands
  2. molar glands
  3. infraorbital glands
  4. palatal glands
  5. sublingual and submandibular glands
  6. intermaxillary
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49
Q

opens into the oral vestibule at the base of the lips

A

Labial glands

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50
Q

lie near the molar tooth

A

Molar glands

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51
Q

in the floor of the orbit

A

Infraorbital glands

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52
Q

opens into the palatine

A

Palatal glands

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53
Q

opens via a common papillae under the tongue

A

Sublingual and submandibular glands

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54
Q

lie near the premaxillary bone

A

Intermaxillary (internasal) glands

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55
Q

are derivations of bony dermal armor

A

Teeth

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56
Q

show gradual transition to teeth at edge of jaw

A

placoid scale

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57
Q

composition of teeth

A

primarily dentin surrounded by enamel or enameloid

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58
Q

teeth are numerous and widely distributed in the oral cavity and pharynx

A

fish

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59
Q
  • teeth are widely distributed on the palate
  • most amphibians and some reptiles – vomer, palatine, pterygoid bones
A

Early tetrapods

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60
Q

teeth are limited to the jaws

A
  • crocodilians
  • tooth birds
  • mammals
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61
Q

Classification of teeth based on:
morphological variation

A
  1. homodont dentition
  2. heterodont dentition
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62
Q
  • all teeth are shaped alike
  • in vertebrates other than mammals
A

Homodont dentition

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63
Q

teeth exhibit morphological variation

A

Heterodont dentition

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64
Q

Heterodont dentition

A
  1. incisors
  2. canines
  3. premolars and molars
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65
Q

cutting

A

incisors

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66
Q

piercing and tearing

A

canines

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67
Q

macerating

A

premolars and molars

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68
Q

Classification of teeth based on:
attachment of tooth

A
  1. acrodont dentition
  2. pleurodont dentition
  3. thecodont dentition
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69
Q

attach to the surface or summit of the jawbone; in teleosts

A

Acrodont dentition

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70
Q

attach to the inner side of the jawbone; in anurans, urodeles and lizards

A

Pleurodont dentition

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71
Q

occupy bony sockets or alveoli; in fishes, crocodilians, extinct toothed birds and mammals

A

Thecodont dentition

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72
Q

Classification of teeth based on:
succession of teeth

A
  1. polyphyodont dentition
  2. diphyodont dentition
  3. monophyodont dentition
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73
Q
  • number of replacements during a lifetime is indefinite but numerous
  • in crocodiles
A

Polyphyodont dentition

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74
Q
  • develop two sets of teeth
  • deciduous or milk teeth and permanent teeth
  • in most mammals
  • definite sequence in which the teeth erupt
  • humans: 6,1,2,4,3,7,8
A

Diphyodont dentition

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75
Q

sequence of human teeth

A

6,1,2,4,3,7,8

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76
Q
  • develop only a first set of teeth
  • in few mammals
  • toothless whales – first set although form within the jaw bone do not erupt or are shed.
A

Monophyodont dentition

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77
Q

replaced platypus deciduous teeth

A

horny epidermal teeth

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78
Q

teeth being replaced throughout life byforward migration of new teeth formed at therear of the jaw

A

manatee

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79
Q

morphological variants in shark

A
  1. fish eaters
  2. shellfish eaters
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80
Q

numerous rows of teeth, flat, sharp, notched triangles that are used for cutting; single or multiparated tusks that are curved towards the pharynx for holding prey

A

Fish eaters

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81
Q

teeth at the entrance are with curved caudally directed spines while the rest form rounded denticles

A

Shellfish eaters

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82
Q

morphological variants in Actinopterygians, amphibians, reptiles

A

simple pointed cones attached to one or more membrane bones; small teeth between larger ones

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83
Q

morphological variants in venomous snake

A

fangs are curved or bladelike, grooved on the rear surface or tubular (for injecting venom)

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84
Q

morphological variants in mammals

A
  1. incisors
  2. canines
  3. premolars
  4. molars
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85
Q
  • with one horizontal cutting edge and a single root and grows throughout life
  • located on either side of the mandibular symphysis- grow throughout life
A

Incisors

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86
Q

well developed incisors, used for holding, cropping and gnawing

A

herbivorous mammals

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87
Q

tusks are modified incisors

A

elephant and mastodon

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88
Q

lacking incisors on the upper jaw only

A

bovines

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89
Q

incisors lacking on the lower jaw

A

vampire bats

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90
Q

no incisors

A

sloth

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91
Q

elephant tusk

A

modified upper incisor

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92
Q

male wild boar

A

modified canines

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93
Q

lie next to incisors

A

Canines

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94
Q

canines and incisors are similar in appearance

A

mammals

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95
Q

spearlike and used for piercing flesh

A

carnivores

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96
Q

tusks

A

walrus

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97
Q

absent canines

A

lagomorphs

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98
Q

space between the incisor and cheek tooth

A

Diastema

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99
Q

mammals and ungulates; with two prominent cusps (bicuspid; in most mammals) and 1-2 roots

A

Premolars

100
Q

3 or more cusps (tricuspid) and usually three roots

A

Molars

101
Q

Some varieties of mammalian cheeck cell

A
  1. secodont teeth
  2. carnassial teeth
  3. seledont teeth
  4. lophodont teeth
  5. bunodont teeth
  6. triconodont teeth
  7. trituberculate teeth
102
Q
  • crowns are laterally compressed, roots are long and cusps are interconnected by sharp ridges of enamel
  • carnivores
A

Secodont teeth

103
Q

first lower molar teeth usually larger and longer

A

Carnassial teeth

104
Q
  • with enamel disposed in crescentric fold
  • wider and longer providing a broad surface for grinding, short roots, ungulates
A

Seledont teeth

105
Q
  • enamel and dentin are intricately interfolded
  • in proboscidians, can reach a foot or more in length
A

Lophodont teeth

106
Q
  • low rounded cusps and crown
  • wear down evenly
  • omnivores, some herbivores, mammals (rhinos, some hogs, primitive ruminants)
A

Bunodont teeth

107
Q

three conelike prominences arranged in a straight line; early prototherians

A

Triconodont teeth

108
Q
  • three conelike prominences are arranged in a triangle
  • early therians
  • forerunners of tricuspids
A

Trituberculate teeth

109
Q

keratinized (horny) teeth that sometimes take the place of bony ones

A

Epidermal teeth

110
Q

horny teeth in the buccal funnel and tongue used for rasping

A

Agnathans

111
Q

buccal cavity is pressed tightly into the flesh of the host

A

Lampreys

112
Q

several rows on temporary lips used for rasping algae; replaced by bony ones during metamorphosis

A

Anuran tadpoles

113
Q

deciduous bony teeth are replaced by horny epidermal teeth

A

Platypus

114
Q
  • used for cracking the shell
  • found in Turtles, crocodilians, birds and monotremes
A

Egg tooth

115
Q
  • had pharyngeal pouches in the embryo
  • part of the foregut immediately preceding the esophagus
  • fishes – part of the respiratory system
A

Pharynx

116
Q

features of a tetrapod pharynx

A
  1. glottings
  2. openings of auditory tubes
  3. opening to esophagus
117
Q

slit leading to the larynx

A

glottis

118
Q

Pharynx of mammals

A
  1. nasal pharynx
  2. oral pharynx
  3. epiglottis
119
Q

where the nasal passageway empty via choanae (internal nares) and the two auditory tubes open into its lateral walls.

A

Nasal pharynx

120
Q

between the oral cavity and the glottis; where the oral cavity leads to

A

Oral pharynx

121
Q
  • fibrocartilage flap that overlies the glottis
  • prevents foreign substances from entering the pathway to the lungs when swallowing
A

Epiglottis

122
Q

transition between the oral cavity and the oral pharyn

A

Isthmus of fauces

123
Q

side of the tongue to the soft palate

A

Glossopalatine arch

124
Q

pharynx to the soft palate

A

Pharyngopalatine arch

125
Q
  • hangs from the caudal border of the soft palate into the oral pharynx
  • humans and some primates
A

Uvula

126
Q

hollow, between the pillars of the fauces

A

Palatine tonsils

127
Q

develop in the mucosa of the nasal pharynx

A

Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

128
Q
  • develop on the tongue near its attachment to the hyoid bone
  • defense against infective agents that have entered the mouth and internal nares
A

Lingual tonsils

129
Q

Morphology of the gut wall

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. serosa
130
Q
  • glandular epithelium lining of endodermal origin
  • underlying layer of not so very dense connective tissue supporting the base of cryptlike epithelial gland, lymph nodules, and blood and lymph capillaries that service the glandular epithelium
  • thin coat of smooth muscle fibers
A

mucosa

131
Q

thin coat of smooth muscle fibers

A

muscularis mucosae

132
Q

secretes lubricant that fascilitates the passage of the content during peristalsis

A

mucous glands

133
Q
  • thicker layer of connective tissue
  • supports the base of compound alveolar glands, plexus of arterioles, venules and lymphatics that service the capillary beds of mucosa.
A

Submucosa

134
Q
  • consist of smooth muscle tissue
  • produces the macerating, peristaltic and segmenting action of the gut
  • neural stimuli supplied from autonomic (visceral) nerve plexuses
A

muscularis externa

135
Q

smooth muscle fibers that encircle the gut, constricting the lumen on neural demand

A

Inner circular layer

136
Q

muscle fibers that contracts short segments of the gut

A

Outer longitudinal layer

137
Q
  • loose connective tissue (adventitia) and visceral peritoneum
  • exudes small amount of a serous fluid that lubricates the surface of the viscera
A

Serosa

138
Q

ciliated digestive tract

A

Larval craniates

139
Q

ciliated stomach

A

Teleosts

140
Q

ciliated oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and stomach

A

Adult amphibians

141
Q

gut movement

A

alternate constriction of rings of smooth muscle

142
Q

relaxation in gut movement

A

in front of bolus

143
Q
  • distensible muscular tube
  • extends between the pharynx and the stomach
  • conducts foodstuffs to the stomach
  • lined by a stratified squamous epithelium
A

Esophagus

144
Q

entire length of esophagus consist of striated muscle

A

ruminants

145
Q

line by horny papillae that are directed downward

A

marine turtles

146
Q

paired or unpaired diverticulum or sac used for hoarding grain or seed until there is room for them in the stomach

A

crop

147
Q

under the stimulus of prolactin, cells of the glandular area of the lining sac undergo fatty degenaration and are shed as holocrine secretion + partially digested food

A

pigeon

148
Q

pigeon’s milk

A

holocrine secretion + partially digested food

149
Q

narrow lumen

A

vampire bats

150
Q

muscular chamber or series of chambers at the end of the esophagus

A

Stomach

151
Q

partially liquify solid foods before they are injected into the small intestine

A

lubricatory mucus and digestive enzymes

152
Q

gastric glands that are branched and tubular

A

Glandular epithelium

153
Q

three divisions of the stomach

A
  1. cardia
  2. fundus
  3. pylorus
154
Q
  • transition between the esophagus and stomach;
  • mammals- glands secretes mucus (cardiac glands)
  • no zymogenic cells but few parietal cells are present
A

Cardia

155
Q
  • lateral to the cardiac region in humans
  • presence of fundic glands composed of mucus cells, parietal cells (HCl), chief cells of zymogenic cells (proteolytic enzymes; synthesize and release the pre-enzyme pepsinogen) and goblet cells.
A

Fundus

156
Q

action of HCl

A

pepsinogen to pepsin

157
Q
  • opening from the stomach leading into the duodenum
  • presence of pyloric glands composed of mucus cells whose secretion helps to neutralize the acidic chyme as it moves next to the intestine
  • with many goblet cells and few parietal cells
A

Pylorus

158
Q

devoid of glandular glands

A

Non-glandular epithelium

159
Q

Mesenteries in the stomach

A
  1. mesogaster
  2. greater omentum
160
Q

dorsal mesentery that connects the stomach to the coelomic roof

A

mesogaster

161
Q

mesentery attached to the greater curvature and draped like a curtain between the ventral body wall and the intestines

A

greater omentum

162
Q

small part of the coelom, within the double walled omentum

A

lesser peritoneal cavity

163
Q

small passageway that connects the coelom with the lesser peritoneal cavity

A

epiploic foramen (foramen epiploicum)

164
Q

variations in the stomach

A
  1. cyclostomes
  2. fishes
  3. frogs
  4. crocodile and birds
  5. humans
  6. ruminants
165
Q

no definitive stomach

A

Cyclostomes

166
Q

variety of shapes and epithelium is sometimes ciliated

A

Fishes

167
Q

no definitive stomach or have that is poorly differentiated and lacks digestive glands

A

Chimaeras and lungfishes

168
Q

one large cavernous chamber lined with mucus and digestive gland

A

Frogs

169
Q
  • Proventriculus – secretes digestive enzymes
  • Gizzard – lined with horny membrane; grinding mill that makes a mash of food mixed with gastric secretions
A

crocodilians and birds

170
Q

secretes digestive enzymes

A

Proventriculus

171
Q

lined with horny membrane; grinding mill that makes a mash of food mixed with gastric secretions

A

Gizzard

172
Q

base of the esophagus

A

cardiac portion

173
Q

lateral to the cardiac region

A

fundus

174
Q

region between the lesser and greater curvatures

A

body

175
Q

preceding the pylorus (stomach to the duodenum)

A

pyloric portion

176
Q

ring of smooth muscle that surrounds the pylorus

A

pyloric sphincter

177
Q

folds inside the stomach that increases its surface area

A

rugae

178
Q

stomach is adapted in digesting cellulose

A

Ruminants

179
Q

Chambers of ruminant stomach

A
  1. rumen
  2. reticulum
  3. omasum
  4. abomasum
180
Q
  • layer is like the esophagus, contains cellulase (enzymethat digests cellulose) secreting anaerobic bacteria
  • interior surface forms numerous papillae that vary in shapeand size from short and pointed to long and foliate
A

rumen

181
Q
  • cellulose fermentation continues, cuds or small boluses are formed to be regurgitated for further maceration of the teeth
  • Reticular epithelium - thrown into folds that form polygonal cells that give it a reticular, honey-combed appearance.
  • Numerous small papillae stud the interior floors of these cells.
A

reticulum

182
Q

thrown into folds that form polygonal cells that give it a reticular, honey-combed appearance.

A

Reticular epithelium

183
Q
  • temporary holding site of thoroughly masticated mash
  • Inside is thrown into broad longitudinal folds or leaves reminiscent of the pages in a book
A

omasum

184
Q

packed with finely ground ingesta, have been estimated to represent roughly one-third of the total surface area of the forestomachs.

A

omasal folds

185
Q

true glandular stomach where gastric enzymes are added to the mash release pepsin & acids for typical protein digestion

A

abomasum

186
Q
  • commences at the pyloric sphincter and ends in the cephalic end of the cloaca or anus
  • presence of microvilli increases the surface area for absorption
  • with intestinal glands that secretes digestive enzymes
  • morphology is affected by the type of diet, frequency of meals and their volume
  • small and large
A

intestine

187
Q

where intestine commences

A

pyloric sphincter

188
Q

where intestine ends

A

cephalic end of cloaca or anus

189
Q

increase surface area of intestine

A

microvilli

190
Q

secretes digestive enzymes in the intestine

A

intestinal glands

191
Q

chief site for digestion and absorption of nutrients

A

small intestine

192
Q
  • splits polypeptides to amino acids, disaccharides into monosaccharides
  • pancreatic enzymes help in the final digestion that results in absorbable nutrients.
A

intestinal juices

193
Q

where is water absorbed

A

colon

194
Q

quite straight intestine

A

Cartilaginous and basal bony fishes

195
Q
  • with typhlosole or spiral valve
  • suspended within the lumen (increases the surface area for absorption)
A

Spiral intestine

196
Q

leads to the cloaca

A

Postvalvular intestine

197
Q

extracts and excretes excess sodium chloride from the blood

A

rectal gland

198
Q

increases the absorptive area (pyrolic ceca)

A

intestinal ceca

199
Q
  • lengthy but smaller in diameter
  • with villi (small surface projections that increases the surface area of the mucosa for better absorption)
A

Small intestine

200
Q

small surface projections that increases the surface area of the mucosa for better absorption

A

villi

201
Q

Parts of small intestine of tetrapods

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
202
Q
  • receives chyme from the stomach and exocrine secretions from the liver and the pancreas
  • receives one or more ducts that drain the pancreas, liver and gallbladder delivering pancreatic juices and bile salts
A

Duodenum

203
Q

acts on CHO;

A

amylase

204
Q

digests lipids yielding absorbable fatty acids and glycerol

A

lipase

205
Q

digests proteins

A

proteolytic enzymes

206
Q
  • middle part of the small intestine
  • between the duodenum and the ileum
A

jejunum

207
Q
  • last part of the intestine
  • presence of large masses of lymph nodules (Peyer’s/Payer’s patches)
A

Ileum

208
Q

large masses of lymph nodes in ileum

A

Peyer’s/Payer’s patches

209
Q

sphincter that regulates the movement of food to the large intestine

A

ileocecal valve

210
Q

Three structures in the wall of the small intestine

A
  1. microvilli
  2. villi
  3. circular folds (plicae circulares)
211
Q

tiny projections of the plasma membrane of the mucosal cells

A

microvilli

212
Q

fingerlike projections of the mucosa that give it a velvety appearance and the feel

A

villi

213
Q

deep folds of both mucosa and submucosa

A

circular folds (plicae circulares)

214
Q

enter dead-end lymph vessels within the villi

A

lacteals

215
Q

movement of absroption in intestine

A
  1. hydrolyzed lipids
  2. lacteals
  3. chyle larger lymphatic
  4. major vein near heart
  5. liver and other tissues
216
Q
  • diameter is bigger and the mucosa lacks villi
  • rarely coiled but caeca is common
  • smooth muscle sphincter within the muscularis of the nal canal controls the release of waste products
  • presence of goblet cells that secrete mucus (acts as a lubricant to ease the passage of feces to the end of the digestive tract)
  • absorbs water to dry out the undigestible food residue
  • to eliminate these residues from the body as feces
A

Large intestine

217
Q

common in large intestine

A

caeca

218
Q

controls release of waste products

A

smooth muscular sphincter

219
Q

secrete mucus

A

goblet cells

220
Q

acts as a lubricant to ease the passage of feces to the end of the digestive tract

A

mucus

221
Q

rare in fishes and amphibians but common in amniotes (ileocolic aceca)

A

Caecum

222
Q

terminates the caecum in arthropods, rodents, rabbits and other mammals

A

vermiform appendix

223
Q

where fermentation of food by enzymes secreted by cellulase secreting anearobicbacteria takes place (koala)

A

Caeca

224
Q

sac that opens into the alimentary tract

A

Caecum

225
Q
  • commences at the ileocolic sphincter; where absorption of water takes place.
  • ascending, transverse, descending with pronounced flexures between them
A

Colon

226
Q

where the descending colons end in humans

A

sigmoid flexure

227
Q

straight terminal portion of pelvic cavity

A

rectum

228
Q

rumbling sound caused by gas moving through the intestine

A

borborygmi

229
Q
  • largest gland in the body
  • arises from the midventral aspect of the midgut as a hollow caecumlike diverticulum (liver bud)
A

Liver

230
Q

drain the lobes of the liver

A

hepatic ducts

231
Q

mesenteries of the liver

A
  1. hepatoduodenal ligament
  2. gastrohepatic ligament
  3. falciform ligament
232
Q

connects the duodenum and the liver

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament

233
Q

connects the pyloric stomach to the liver

A

Gastrohepatic ligament

234
Q

suspends the liver from the diaphragm and abdominal wall

A

Falciform ligament

235
Q
  • composed hepatoduodenal & gastrohepatic ligaments
  • conducts the common bile duct to the duodenum and the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein to the liver
A

lesser omentum

236
Q
  • small green sac embedded in the inferior surface of the liver
  • develops in most vertebrates; none in many birds, lamprey, whales, some rodents
  • stores bile secreted by the liver
A

Gallbladder

237
Q

drains the gallbladder

A

cystic duct

238
Q

where the hepatic and cystic ducts converge and empties to the duodenum

A

common bile duct

239
Q

short terminal segment of the common bile duct embedded in the wall of the duodenum

A

ampulla of Vater

240
Q

produces digestive enzymes in the alveoli (acini) which is transported via pancreatic ducts to the duodenum

A

exocrine portion

241
Q

bears pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans), lacks ducts; secretes its hormonal products, insulin and glucagon, into the bloodstream

A

endocrine portion

242
Q

Kinds of pancreas

A
  1. diffuse
  2. compact
243
Q
  • teleosts and many higher vertebrates
  • pancreas tissue is distributed along the blood vessels
A

Diffuse pancreas

244
Q

may consist of several discrete lobes

A

compact pancreas

245
Q

chamber into which the digestive, urinary and genital ducts usually empty in many fishes and most tetrapods other than therian mammals

A

Cloaca

246
Q

cloaca becomes shallow and disappears thus digestive tract opens independently to the exterior

A
  • lampreys
  • chimaeras
  • living female coelacanths
  • ray finned fishes
247
Q

in placental mammals, the cloaca becomes partition into how many ways

A

2 or 3 separate passageways

ZOO100 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Phylogeny (19 decks)

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