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ZOO100 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Phylogeny > Skeletal System 2 - Appendicular > Flashcards

Skeletal System 2 - Appendicular Flashcards

1
Q
  • Consists of the bones within the pectoral and pelvic girdles
  • The attached limbs
A

appendicular skeleton

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2
Q
  • bones of the shoulder
  • anterior
  • supports the arms and hands
A

pectoral girdle

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3
Q
  • bones of the pelvis
  • posterior
  • supports the legs and feet
A

pelvic girdle

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4
Q

three replacement bones and a series of dermal bones

A

early fishes

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5
Q

three replacement bones of early fishes

A
  • coracoid
  • scapula
  • suprascapula
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6
Q

series of dermal bones of early fishes

A
  • clavicle
  • cleithrum
  • supracleithrum
  • posttemporal
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7
Q

reduction in number and size of replacement bones

A

later bony fishes (ganoid fish)

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8
Q

reductio in number of dermal bones

A

tetrapods

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9
Q
  • reduced coracoid & scapula (replacement bone) but large cleithrum& supracleithrum (dermal bone)
  • posttemporal bone (dermal) connects the supracleithrum to the skull.
A

bony fishes

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10
Q

what is reduced in bony fishes

A
  • coracoid
  • scapula
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11
Q

what is large in bony fishes

A
  • cleithrum
  • supracleithrum
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12
Q

connects the supracleithrum to the skull of bony fishes

A

posttemporal bone (dermal)

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13
Q

no dermal bone

A

cartilganious fishes

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14
Q

early ones had pectoral girdle similar to those of early bony fishes, but lost posttemporal & acquired interclavicle (which still occurs in several amniotes)

A

tetrapods

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15
Q

what is lost in tetrapods

A

posttemporal

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16
Q

what is acquired in tetrapods

A

interclavicle

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17
Q

one or both typically brace scapula against sternum (as in birds; below)

A
  • clavicle
  • coracoid
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18
Q

present in all tetrapods with even vestiges of anterior limbs, e.g., turtles & birds & mammals

A

scapula

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19
Q

Bones of the pectoral girdle

A
  1. clavicle
  2. scapula
  3. head of humerus
  4. humerus
  5. head of radius
  6. radius
  7. ulna
  8. carpals
  9. metacarpals
  10. phalanges
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20
Q
  • brace posterior paired appendages
  • no dermal components (unlike pectoral girdle)
A

pelvic girdles

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21
Q

pelvic girdle consists of 2 cartilaginous or bony plates (ischiopubic plates) that articulate with the pelvic fins

A

Fishes

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22
Q

what does the pelvic girdle in fishes contain

A

2 cartilaginous or bony plates (ischiopubic plates)

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23
Q
  • pair of cartilaginous plates form in embryos & each ossifies at 2 centers to form: pubis & ischium.
  • An additional blastema gives rise to the ilium.
A

Tetrapods

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24
Q

what is formed from 2 centers in tetrapods

A
  • pubis
  • ischium
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25
Q

gives rise to the ilium in tetrapods

A

blastema

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26
Q
  • ilia elongated & extend from sacral vertebra to urostyle
  • joint between ilium & sacral vertebra (sacroiliac) is freely moveable (& moves when a frog or toad jumps)
A

forgs and toads

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27
Q

ilium and sacral vertebrae

A

sacroiliac

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28
Q
  • ilium & ischium expanded to accommodate musculature needed for bipedal locomotion
  • girdle is braced against lumbar & sacral vertebrae
  • pubic bones are typically reduced (long but thin); the limited pubic symphysis provides a larger outlet for eggs
A

birds

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29
Q

provides a larger outlet for eggs

A

limited pubic symphysis

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30
Q

ilium, ischium, and pubis unite to form the innominate bone (the 2 innominates = pelvic girdle)

A

mammals

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31
Q

what is united to form the innominate bone

A
  • ilium
  • ischium
  • pubis
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32
Q

2 innominate bones = ?

A

pelvic girdle

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33
Q

Bones of the pelvic girdle

A
  1. coxal bone
  2. head of femur
  3. neck of femur
  4. femur
  5. patella
  6. tibia
  7. fibula
  8. tarsals
  9. metatarsals
  10. phalanges
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34
Q

degree of pubic arch in males

A

50-60 degrees

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35
Q

degree of pubic arch in female

A

80-90 degrees

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36
Q
  • reproductive hormone produced by your ovaries and the placenta
  • loosens and relaxes your muscles, joints and ligaments during pregnancy to help your body stretch
A

Relaxin

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37
Q

parts of the pelvic girdle

A
  1. ilium
  2. sacrum
  3. pubic symphysis
  4. coccyx
  5. pubis
  6. ischium
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38
Q

what do all jawed fish have (except eels)

A

pectoral and pelvic fins

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39
Q

fins are used for what

A

steering (rudders)

40
Q

types of fins

A
  1. lobed fins
  2. fin fold fins
  3. ray fin
41
Q

found in sarcopterygians

A

lobed fins

42
Q
  • found in cartilaginous fish
  • consist of 1 to 5 basal cartilages plus several rows of radials
A

fin fold fins

43
Q

tendency to lose proximal components of fin skeleton

A

ray fin

44
Q

Limbs

A
  1. anterior limb
  2. posterior limb
45
Q

5 segments of anterior limb

A
  1. brachium
  2. antebrachium
  3. carpus
  4. metacarpus
  5. digits
46
Q
  • upper arm
  • consists of humerus
A

brachium

47
Q
  • forearm
  • consists of radius and ulna
A

antebrachium

48
Q
  • wrist
  • consists of carpals
A

carpus

49
Q
  • palm
  • consists of metacarpals
A

metacarpus

50
Q

consists of phalanges

A

digits

51
Q

5 segments of posterior limb

A
  1. femur
  2. crus
  3. tarsus
  4. metatarsus
  5. digits
52
Q
  • thigh
  • consists of femur
A

femur

53
Q
  • shank
  • consists of tibia and fibula
A

crus

54
Q
  • ankle
  • consists of tarsals
A

tarsus

55
Q
  • instep
  • consists of metatarsals
A

metatarus

56
Q

lack limbs

A
  1. caecilians (apodans)
  2. most snake
  3. snake-like lizards
57
Q

vertebrates with forelimbs only

A
  1. manatee and dugongs
  2. dolphins
  3. cetaceans
  4. sirens (salamander)
58
Q

upper arm

A

humerus

59
Q

forearm

A

radius and ulna

60
Q

or hand

A

manus

61
Q

3 rows of carpal bones

A
  1. proximal row
  2. middle row
  3. distal row
62
Q

proximal row

A
  1. radiale
  2. ulnare
  3. intermedium
  4. pisiform
63
Q

middle row

A

3 central carpals (centralia)

64
Q

distal row

A

5 distal sarpals numbered 1 to 5 starting on thumb

65
Q

general formula starting at thumb

A

2,3,4,5,3

66
Q

five toed

A

pentadactyl

67
Q

Adaptive modifications of the Manus

A
  1. flight
  2. swimming
  3. terrestrial locomotion
  4. grasping
68
Q

manus of birds

A
  • loss of digits & bones
  • fusion of some bones
69
Q

manus of bats

A
  • 5 digits
  • elongated metacarpals (II-V)
  • phalanges support the patagium
70
Q

manus of pterosaurs

A

4th digit elongated to support patagium

71
Q

4th digit elongated to support patagium

A

pterosaurs

72
Q

increase in number and size of phalanges

A

swimming

73
Q

Terrestrial locomotion

A
  1. plantigrade
  2. digitigrade
  3. unguligrade
74
Q
  • flat-footed
  • all bones of manus and/or pes on the ground
  • amphibians, most reptiles & some mammals (insectivores, monkeys, apes, humans, & bears)
A

plantigrade

75
Q
  • 1st digit is reduced or lost
  • manus & pes are elevated
  • rabbits, rodents, & many carnivores
A

digitigrade

76
Q
  • reduced number of digits
  • walk on tips of remaining digits
  • claws become hooves
A

unguligrade

77
Q
  • opposable thumb
  • saddle joint at base of thumb where it meets palm
  • thumb at wider angle from index finger
  • strong thumb muscles
A

Grasping

78
Q

joint at base of thumb

A

saddle joint

79
Q

bones are comparable to those of forelimbs except that a patella(‘kneecap’) develops in birds & mammals

A

posterior limbs

80
Q

animals that forms a patella

A
  • birds
  • mammals
81
Q

feeling internal structure through the skin with fingers

A

Palpation

82
Q

run your fingers over the surface of your head

A

cranial bones

83
Q

roughened area just behind the ear

A

mastoid process

84
Q

grasp your auricle and insert your small finger into the canal

A

external auditory meatus

85
Q

run your hand anteriorly from your ear toward your eye

A

zygomatic arch

86
Q

spread your fingers on the skin of your face and feel it bunch and stretch as you smile.

A

muscle of facial expression

87
Q

place a finger directly in front of the external auditory meatus, and open and close your mouth several times

A

temporomandibular joint

88
Q

along the entire length from the sternum to the shoulder (interclavicular joint – sternum-clavicle junction; acromion – high point of the shoulder, anterior end of the scapular spine).

A

Clavicle

89
Q

sternum-clavicle junction

A

interclavicular joint

90
Q

high point of the shoulder, anterior end of the scapular spine

A

acromion

91
Q

feel the medial projection at the distal end of the humerus.

A

Medial epicondyle of the humerus

92
Q

flexing and extending it – as you palpate its dorsal aspect to feel the olecranon process of the ulna moving in and out of the olecranon fossa on the backside of the humerus

A

Elbow

93
Q

clench your fist

A

Metacarpophalangeal joints or knuckles

94
Q

rest your hands on your hips

A

Iliac crests

95
Q

palpate the medial protrusion of your ankle

A

Medial malleolus of the distal tibia

96
Q

feel the bulge of your lateral ankle

A

Lateral malleolus of the fibula

ZOO100 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Phylogeny (19 decks)

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