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ZOO100 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Phylogeny > Lesson 2 - Concepts, Premises and Pioneers > Flashcards

Lesson 2 - Concepts, Premises and Pioneers Flashcards

1
Q

Types of symmetry in animals

A
  1. Spherical Symmetry
  2. Radial Symmetry
  3. Bilateral Symmetry
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2
Q

the body of the individual can be divided into similar halves by any plane passing through the center

A

Spherical Symmetry

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3
Q

Symmetry in Amoeba

A

asymmetry

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4
Q

Symmetry in Volvox

A

spherical symmetry

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5
Q

Symmetry in Sea jellies

A

radial symmetry

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6
Q

Symmetry in Spider

A

bilateral symmetry

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7
Q

example of animals with spherical symmetry

A
  • Volvox
  • some sponges
  • some corals
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8
Q
  • the body of the individual divided into equal halves by any plane passing through the center from top to bottom
A

Radial Symmetry

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9
Q

example of animals with radial symmetry

A
  1. Sponges (Sycon)
  2. Cnidarians (Hydra, Jelly)
  3. Echinoderms (Sea Star)
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10
Q

when the body can be divided into two smaller halves by one or two vertical planes only, the radial symmetry is called what?

A

biradial symmetry

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11
Q

example of animal with biradial symmetry

A

sea anemones

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12
Q
  • body can be divided into two equal halves by a single plane only because the important body organs are paired and occur on the two sides of a central axis
  • found in many invertebrates and all vertebrates
A

bilateral symmetry

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13
Q

segmentation of body into somites or metameres

A

metamerism

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14
Q

metamerism is the segmentation of body in __ or __

A
  • somites
  • metameres
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15
Q
  • occurs in cestodes in which every segment is independent of the other and contains complete set of organs that have no connection with other organs in other segments
  • during growth new segments are added in front, in the neck region and hence the posterior-most body segment is the oldest one and the anterior segments are younger
A

Pseudometamerism

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16
Q

where does pseudometamerism occur

A

cestodes

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17
Q

where are new segments in pseudometamerism added

A

neck-region (anterior segments are younger)

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18
Q
  • serial repetition of homologous organs in each segment but these organs function in coordination with the others
  • all segments are integrated into a single functional unit
A

true metamerism

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19
Q

in true metamerism, all segments are integrate into a __ __ __

A

single functional unit

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20
Q

ex. of organs in true metamerism

A
  1. nephridia
  2. nerves
  3. muscles
  4. reproductive organs
  5. appendages
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21
Q

an invertebrate organ, found in pairs and performing a function similar to the vertebrate kidneys

A

nephridium (plural nephridia)

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22
Q

where are new segments in true metamerism added

A

in front of last segment

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23
Q
  • last segment
  • terminal part or hind segment of the body in certain invertebrates
A

pygidium

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24
Q

unsegmented preoral part of the body of a segmented anima

A

acron

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25
Q

Metamerism is always confined to the intermediate (trunk) segments except the __ __ and a __ __ or telson

A
  • anterior acron (head)
  • posterior pygidium
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26
Q

last segment in the abdomen, or a terminal appendage to it, in crustaceans, chelicerates, and embryonic insects

A

telson

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27
Q

various intermediate segments in animals

A
  • metameres or
  • somites
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28
Q

what do animals with true metamerism typically have

A
  • anterior acorn
  • posterior pygidium
  • metameres or somites
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29
Q

in higher invertebrates, what did metamerism provide

A
  • specialization of segments
  • serially repeated organs
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30
Q

specialization of segments in higher invertebrates

A
  • head
  • thorax
  • abdomen
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31
Q
  • evolutionary trend toward concentrating nervous tissue, the mouth, and sense organs toward the front end of an animal
  • sense organs or tissues are concentrated on or near the head, which is at the front of the animal as it moves forward
  • development of complex neural system and intelligence, clustering of senses to help an animal rapdily sense food and threats
A

cephalization

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32
Q

what do fully cephalized organisms have

A

head and brain

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33
Q

what do less cephalized animals display

A

one or more regions of nervous tissue

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34
Q

what is cephalization associated with

A
  • bilateral symmetry
  • movement with head facing forward
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35
Q

what is developed with cephalization

A
  1. complex neural system and intelligence
  2. rapid sense of food and threat
  3. superior analysis of food sources
36
Q

cephalization and the senses

A
  1. touch
  2. smell
  3. eyesight
  4. hearing
  5. taste
37
Q

electroreceptors in sharks for locating prey

A

Ampullae of Lorenzini

38
Q

Different Patterns and Processes

A
  1. Homology and Homoplasy
  2. Serial Homology
  3. Analogy
39
Q

manifestation of homologous structures in different species

A

homology

40
Q
  • structures that had beed inherited from a common ancestor
  • may be similar or broadly dissimilar morphologically and functionally
A

homologous structures

41
Q

homologue is “the same organ in different animals under every variety of form and function”

A

Boyden (1943)

42
Q

structures in two different animals are homologous if they come from the same ebryonic precursor

A

comparative embryology

43
Q

__ between the structure’s distribution and the hypothesis of relationship for the taxa processing the structure

A

congruence

44
Q

structures in two different animals are homologous if they come from the same __ __

A

embryonic precursor

45
Q
  • presence in different species of structures that look alike but are not similar due to common ancestry
  • can result from convergence or accident
A

homoplasy

46
Q

evolution of similar structures in unrelated taxa as a result of mutations that are adaptive to similar environments

A

evolutionary convergence

47
Q
  • similarities in repetitive or serial structures within the same organism.
  • semgentally equivalent structure within the organism
  • vertebral column, limbs, hands
A

serial homology

48
Q

serial homology was originally called as __

A

homotypy

49
Q

who termed homotypy

A

Ernst H. Haeckel

50
Q

example of serial homology

A
  • vertebral column
  • limbs
  • hands
51
Q
  • coincidental resemblance
  • two structures that have the same function
A

analogy

52
Q

example of analogous structures

A

horns of cattle and rhinoceros

53
Q
  • said that analogy and homology are not mutually exclusive
  • comparative anatomist of the 19th century
A

Richard Owen

54
Q

Richard Owen: homologous structures that share a similar function

A

analogous homologue

55
Q

Richard Owen: nonhomologous structures that share a similar function

A

analogous homoplasies

56
Q

Different types of Adaptation

A
  1. Biological adaptation
  2. Preadaptation
57
Q
  • refer to traits shaped by natural selection for their present use
  • hereditary modification of a phenotype that increases the probability of survival
  • result of environmental pressures that, by natural selection, propagate genetic mutations that have survival value
A

biological adaptation

58
Q
  • denote traits that initially served different functions but later provided a foundation for new adaptations
  • traits that have enables a phenotype to meet a new environmental change before it materializes
  • increases the chances of survival in an existing environment
A

preadaptation

59
Q

formation of a new species preceded by geographical isolation of a populationi from other populations of the same species

A

speciation

60
Q
  • evolution of similar structures in unrelated taxa as a result of mutations that are adaptive to similar environment
  • produces look-alike features that are not result of inheritance from common ancestor
A

evolutionary convergence

61
Q
  • developmental history of an individual
  • occupies a single lifeline
  • begins with embryogenesis, includes postembryonic changes attributable to aging and ends in death
  • primary operants are the genes
A

ontogeny (ontogenesis)

62
Q

ontogeny occupies a __ __

A

single lifeline

63
Q

where does ontogeny begin and end

A

begins: embryogenesis
end: death

64
Q

what changes are included in ontogeny

A

postembryonic changes attributable to aging

65
Q

primary operants of ontogeny

A

genes

66
Q
  • evolutionary history of a taxon
  • relates a taxon to another taxa in the evolutionary line
  • operant is speciation
  • requires thousands to millions of years
A

phylogeny (phylogenesis)

67
Q

related group of organisms that constitute a taxonomic unit such as family, order, or class

A

taxon

68
Q

operant of phylogeny

A

speciation

69
Q

features that develop earliest in ontogeny are the oldest phylogenetically, having been inherited from early common ancestors, and features that develop later in ontogeny are of more recent phylogenetic origin

A

von Baer’s Law

70
Q
  • change to the timing or rate of development relative to the ancestor
  • can be the results of relatively small genetic changes that may not even be alterations in DNA sequence, but in the timing of particular genes being expressed during development
A

Heterochrony

71
Q

Two forms of heterochrony

A
  1. peramorphosis
  2. paedomorphosis
72
Q

example of species that show heterochrony

A

Salamander species: Ambystoma talpoideum
delay metamorphosis of the skull

73
Q

Any outcome arising from evolutionary changes in developmental rates that involves the addition of new stages to the end of the ancestral development sequence

A

peramorphosis

74
Q
  • Having some features of the ancestral juvenile stage, but being an adult (with a mature reproductive system
  • any evolutionary change in the development of an organism that generates an adult with a “child’s form.”
A

paedomorphosis

75
Q

meaning of heterochrony

A

hetero = other
chronos = time

76
Q

meaning of peramorphosis

A

beyond-shape

77
Q

meaning of paedomorphosis

A

paed = juvenile
morph = form

78
Q

example of paedomorphosis

A

newts and salamanders
- reach sexual maturity without losing gills

79
Q

discipline and practice of ordering organsims into hierarchies that reflect their morphological similarities and phylogenetic history

A

systematics

80
Q

organisms were placed in groups based on both an overall similarity and the possession of unique features

A

Pre-Darwinian

81
Q

arrange organisms in historical entities (group based on a common ancestor and all its descendants)

A

phylogenetic systematics

82
Q
  • process and rules by which we apply names to the groups determined in a systematic analysis
  • international code provides the rules of binomial nomenclature
A

taxonomy

83
Q

naming in taxonomy

A

binomial nomenclature

84
Q

uses a system of hierarchical groupings

A

Linnaean taxonomy

85
Q

what forms the binomial system

A

Genus and species

ZOO100 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Phylogeny (11 decks)

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