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ZOO100 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Phylogeny > Lecture 5 - Integument > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - Integument Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the integumentary system

A
  1. protective wrapping
  2. regulatory function
  3. information getting
  4. excretory function
  5. respiratory function
  6. survival
  7. behavioral interactions between individuals
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2
Q
  • mechanical protection against abrasion and puncture
  • effective barrier against bacteria
  • moisture proofing against fluid loss or gain
  • protect underlying cells against UV
A

protective wrapping

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3
Q

temperature regulation

A
  • regulatory function
  • excretory function
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4
Q

sensory receptors

A

information getting

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5
Q

nourishment of the young

A

survival

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6
Q

one of the largest organs of the body

A

integument

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7
Q

the integument is __ of body weight

A

15%

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8
Q

separated by basal lamina

A

epidermis and dermis

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9
Q

epidermis and dermis are separated by what

A

basal lamina (ectoderm and endoderm, respectively)

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10
Q
  • outer layer
  • with nonliving coverings in craniates
A

epidermis

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11
Q

slippery, protects the fish from infection

A

mucus

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12
Q
  • in teresstrial craniates
  • dead and water-impervious cornified cells (minimizes water loss)
  • grandular, avascular
A

stratum corneum

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13
Q
  • single layer of mucus-secreting cells
  • dermis with collagen
  • pigment from epidermis
A

protochordate: skin of amphioxus

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14
Q

Fishes and Aquatic Amphibians

A
  1. epidermal glands
  2. photophores
  3. keratin
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15
Q

holds mucus

A

microridges

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16
Q

produces mucus and other substances

A

granular cells

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17
Q
  • arise from pluripotent stem cells and derive their name from their goblet, cup-like appearance
  • secrete mucin and create a protective mucus layer.
  • also thought to be involved with immunoregulation
A

Goblet cells

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18
Q

functions of secretions in fishes

A
  1. repel predators
  2. prevents dessication during aestivation in summer
  3. nutritious mucous that serves as food for hatchlings
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19
Q

glands in aquatic amphibians

A

granular glands

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20
Q

secretes irritating or toxic alkaloids and many pheromones

A

granular glands

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21
Q

holdfast for tree frogs

A

mucous glands on digits

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22
Q

mating position of frogs and toads, in which the male clasps the female about the back

A

amplexus

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23
Q
  • light emitting organs found in deep-sea teleosts
  • arise in the epidermis and invades the dermis
  • for species and sex recognition, lure or warning aid, concealment by countershading
A

photophores

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24
Q

example of organisms with photophores

A

midshipman

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25
Q

sclero-protein that is insoluble in water

A

keratin

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26
Q

keratin in fishes

A

little or no keratin

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27
Q

thin keratin serves to reduce water loss through the skin in dry terrestrial environments

A

aquatic urodeles

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28
Q

have cornified “teeth”

A
  • hagfish
  • lampray
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29
Q

epidermis of tetrapods

A

extensive keratinization

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30
Q

prevents dessication

A
  • cornified layer
  • lipid
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31
Q

Different Epidermal Layers

A
  1. stratum corneum
  2. stratum lucidum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum spinosum
  5. stratum basale
  6. stratum membrane
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32
Q

Types of epidermal glands

A
  1. mucous glands
  2. granular glands
  3. avian oil glands
  4. sebaceous glands
  5. sudoriferous (sweat) glands
  6. scent glands
  7. mammary glands
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33
Q

has practically disappeared among terrestrial tetrapods except in mammals

A

mucous glands

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34
Q
  • secrete irritating or toxic alkaloids for defense or pheromones
  • restricted to a localized area of the body
  • found in toads and reptiles
  • absent in birds and mammals
A

granular glands

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35
Q

where can granular glands be found

A
  • toads
  • reptiles
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36
Q

granular glands of toads

A

parotid gland - behind eyes

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37
Q
  • secrete a substance that hardens to form temporary spines to restrain the female during copulation
  • found in lizards
A

femoral glands

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38
Q

where are femoral glands found

A

lizards

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39
Q

secretes a lipid and protein product that birds collect on the sides of their beak and then smear on their feathers during preening, making them water repelland

A

avian oil glands

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40
Q

located at the base of the tail behind the pygostyle

A

uropygial gland

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41
Q

where can uropygial gland be found

A

base of tail behind pygostyle

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42
Q
  • alveolar glands with oily secretion
  • secretion is released into hair follicles in order to condition and help waterproof the fur
A

sebaceous/ oil glands

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43
Q

secreted by sebaceous glands

A

sebum

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44
Q

Glands under sebaceous glands

A
  1. ceruminous glands
  2. meibomian glands
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45
Q
  • secretes cerumen or earwax and, together with the hair, trap foreign objects that might enter into the canal
  • seeps out wax to keep the tympanic membrane soft, pliable, and waterproof
  • found in the outer ear
A

ceruminous glands

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46
Q

secreted by ceruminous glands

A

cerumen or earwax

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47
Q
  • found in the eyelid
  • secretion assist in moistening the conjunctiva of the eye
A

meibomian glands

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48
Q

meibomian glands assis in moistening what part of the eye

A

conjunctiva

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49
Q

meibomian cyst

A

chalazion

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50
Q

produce a watery product (perspiration or sweat)

A

sudoriferous (sweat) glands

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51
Q

Two types of Sweat Glands

A
  1. eccrine
  2. apocrine
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52
Q
  • produces thin sweat, not associated with hair follicles and function before puberty
  • products function in regulation of body temperatuer
A

eccrine

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53
Q
  • viscous sweat, associated with hair follicles, and begins functioning in puberty
  • responsible for the “body odor”
A

apocrine

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54
Q

distribution of sweat glands:
chimpanzees and humans

A

greatest number, also in palms and soles

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55
Q

distribution of sweat glands:
duckbill platypus

A

snout

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56
Q

distribution of sweat glands:
deer

A

base of the tail

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57
Q

distribution of sweat glands:
mice, rats, and cats

A

paws

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58
Q

distribution of sweat glands:
rabbits

A

around lips

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59
Q

distribution of sweat glands:
elephant

A

absent

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60
Q

functions of sweat glands

A
  • dissipate heat
  • contains waste products thus for elimination of metabolic by-products
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61
Q
  • produce secretion that play a part in social communication
  • mark territory, identify the individual, communicate during courtship
A

scent glands

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62
Q
  • skunks drive away enemies
  • male musk deer signal sex
A

anal glands

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63
Q

swell during breeding season in male elephants

A

temporal glands

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64
Q
  • function only in the female
  • produce milk which is a water mixture of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins
A

mammary glands

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65
Q

cavity where milk can collect between two milkings

A

teat cistern

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66
Q

where do mammary glands develop from

A

milk lines

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67
Q

pair of elevated ribbons of ectoderm that extend along the ventrolateral body wall of the fetus from axilla to groin

A

milk lines

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68
Q

where do milk lines extend

A

along the ventrolateral body wall of fetus from axilla to groin

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69
Q

Distribution of mammary glands:
cats, dogs, pigs, rodents, edentates

A
  • axially
  • thoracic
  • abdominal
  • inguinal
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70
Q

Distribution of mammary glands:
insectivors, some lemurs

A
  • one thoracic pair
  • one inguinal pair
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71
Q

Distribution of mammary glands:
monkey, apes, humans

A

thoracic

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72
Q

Distribution of mammary glands:
cetaceans, dolphins

A

single pair near the groin

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73
Q

Distribution of mammary glands:
nutrias, otters

A

four nipples at the back

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74
Q

during pregnancy, what is formed at the ends of the branching duct system

A

enormous numbers of alveoli

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75
Q

cluster of scretory alveoli in which milk is produced

A

lobule

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76
Q

common chamber where alveolar duct open into

A

cistern

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77
Q

forms secondary duct carrying milk from the cistern to the surface

A

teats

78
Q

what is build up beneath the mammary glands to produce breast

A

adipose tissue

79
Q
  • nipples and teats are absent and breast fo not form
  • milk is released from ducts onto flattened milk patch or areola on the surface of the skin
A

monotremes

80
Q
  • protection against abrasion
  • offense and defense
  • adjunct of thermoreguation
  • specializations - scales, claws, horny protruberances, hair, feather
A

stratum corneum

81
Q

repetitious thickening of the stratum corneum found only in amniotes

A

epidermal scales

82
Q

stratum corneum disposed on overlapping folds of the epidermis

A

squamates (snakes and lizards)

83
Q

formed basically by integument folding in many aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates

A

scales

84
Q

folding of ossified dermal bone

A

dermal scale

85
Q

folding of thickened epidermal keratinized layer

A

epidermal scale

86
Q

large, thin, quadrilateral or polygonal scales

A

scutes

87
Q

scutes of turtles

A
  • thick scutes (plastron)
  • thinner on carapace
88
Q
  • epidermal scales develop where there are no feathers
  • facial area, legs, feet
A

birds

89
Q

have hair and scales interspersed over the entire body

A

armadillos

90
Q

scales in legs and tails

A

mammals

91
Q

inner layer

A

deposited

92
Q

outer layer

A

shed at next molt

93
Q

the act of molting or shedding an outer cuticular layer

A

ecdysis

94
Q

ecdysis in lizards

A

large patches

95
Q

ecdysis in snakes

A

outer layer of the entire body

96
Q

modifications of the stratum corneum at the ends of the digits

A

claws, hooks, and nails

97
Q

parts of claws, hooks, and nails

A
  1. unguis
  2. subunguis
  3. cuneus
98
Q

horny dorsal plate

A

unguis

99
Q

softer ventral plate

A

subunguis

100
Q
  • calluslike, cornified
  • ungulates
A

cuneus

101
Q

where do unguis and subunguis wrap around

A

terminal phalanx

102
Q
  • curved and laterally compressed keratinized projections from the tips of the digits
  • basal amniote, birds, and most mammals
A

claws or talons

103
Q
  • plates of highly packed, keratinized cells
  • protection, scratching, and manipulation
A

nails

104
Q

growth of nails

A

1mm per week

105
Q

area of specialised skin cells on the ventral side of the proximal nail fold that produce the cuticle

A

eponychium

106
Q

eponychium

A

cuticle

107
Q

white area at the base of a fingernail

A

lunula

108
Q

Parts of the nail

A
  1. free edge
  2. nail body
  3. lunula
  4. eponychium (cuticle)
  5. nail root
  6. nail matrix
109
Q
  • enlarged keratinized plates at the tips of the ungulate digits
  • U or V shaped which consists of dead cells
A

hooves

110
Q

thick __ of a hoof is U or V shaped which consits of dead cells

A

unguis

111
Q
  • distinguis birds from all other vertebrates
  • nonvascular and non-nervous products of the epidermis and keratinizing system
A

feathers

112
Q

develop in the dermis in the breast of some birsd with increased vascularizaiton for incubating eggs

A

brood patch

113
Q

Morphological varieties of feathers

A
  1. contour feather
  2. down feather (plumules)
  3. hairlike feather (filoplumes)
114
Q

gives the bird its contour or general shape

A

contour feather

115
Q

parts of a contour feather

A
  1. shaft
  2. calamus
  3. rachis
  4. vane
116
Q

horny; made of rachis and calamus

A

shaft

117
Q

quill

A

calamus

118
Q

vane bearing

A

rachis

119
Q

flattened superior umbilicus afterfeather inferior umbilicus

A

vane

120
Q
  • smooth erector muscles inserted on the walls of the feather follicles
  • with extrinsc integumentary muscles enable a bird to fluff its feathers
A

Arrectores plumarum

121
Q
  • distinctive tracts
  • absent in ostriches and penguins
A

pterylae

122
Q
  • small, fluffy feathers lying underneath and between contour feathers
  • short calamus
  • crown of barbs without hook
  • for insulation
A

down feathers (plumules)

123
Q

what are down feathers (plumules) for

A

insulation

124
Q
  • shaft and a few barbs
  • associated barbules at the tip
  • follicles are richly supplied with tactile nerve endings
A

hairlike feather (filoplumes)

125
Q
  • without terminal barbs
  • found in the head and neck
  • screen eyes, ear and nasal openings of foreign matter
  • acts as tactile receptors aroung the mouth
A

bristles

126
Q

what happens to old feathers

A

molted

127
Q

what happens to new feathers

A

grows out of follicle by cell proliferation

128
Q

feather that is complete with all parts to function

A

mature feather

129
Q
  • epidermal growths that function in protection
  • made up of shaft, root, and follicle
A

hairs

130
Q

parts of the hair

A
  • shaft
  • root
  • follicle
131
Q

what is found around the hari

A
  • sebaceous glands
  • arrector pili muscle
  • hair root plexus (touch)
132
Q

hair acts as insulator

A

fur

133
Q

hair act as sensitive tactile organ

A

vibrissae

134
Q

different kinds of fur

A
  1. guard fur
  2. underfur
135
Q

large, coarse hairs and found on the outer surface of the fur

A

guard hairs

136
Q

beneath the guard hairs and usually much finer and shorter

A

underfur

137
Q

rooted in the dermis but is produced within the epidermis projecting out above the surface of skin

A

hair follicle

138
Q

small tuft of dermis

A

hair papilla

139
Q

the germinal region that does the process of keratinization producing hair within the follicle

A

matrix cells

140
Q

contribute pigment granules

A

chromatophores

141
Q

thin band of smooth muscle anchored in the dermis and attached to the follicle

A

arrector pili muscle

142
Q

morphology of the hair

A
  1. root
  2. shaft
  3. cuticle
  4. hair cortex
  5. hair medulla
143
Q
  • base of the hair
  • hair cells are cornifying and dying
  • not separated from the follicular wall
A

root

144
Q

remaining length of hair

A

shaft

145
Q

single hair

A
  • dense keratin
  • air vacuoles
  • melanin granules
146
Q

present in hair that is laid out in a particular direction

A

grain

147
Q
  • holds the mucus in fetus
  • beings int he 3rd month
A

lanugo hair

148
Q

lanugo hair are __ hair; they are thin, fine hair that grows on most of your body

A

Vellus

149
Q

shape of hair follicle:
wavy hair

A

oval

150
Q

shape of hair follicle:
curly or kinky

A

flat and ribbon like

151
Q

shape of hair follicle:
straight

A

round

152
Q
  • found only in mammals
  • composed of skin and the underlying bone
  • organs of offense, defense, and display
A

horns and antlers

153
Q
  • surface is composed of keratin
  • associated integument produces tough, cornified sheath that fits over the bony core
  • found in males and females
A

horns

154
Q

branched and the horny covering is shed annually

A

pronghorns

155
Q
  • overlying living skin (velet) shapes and provides vascular supply to the growing bone
  • not cornified structure but dermal bone attached to the frontal lobe
  • only in males except in reindeer and caribou
  • shedding is under hormonal control
A

antlers

156
Q

supplies nutrients and minerals to the growing bone.

A

velvet

157
Q
  • resemble stunted antlers
  • short bony projections of the frontal bones
  • remain in velvet throughout life
A

giraffe horns

158
Q
  • series of keratinized plates that arise from the integument
  • act as strainers to extract food from water gulped by the animal
  • seen in mysticete whales
A

baleen or whalebone

159
Q

other cornified structures

A
  1. rattles
  2. beaks
  3. rooster’s comb
  4. ischial callosities
  5. knee pads
  6. tori
  7. corns and calluses
160
Q

rings of horny stratum corneum that remain after each molt

A

rattles

161
Q

covered with horny sheath

A

beaks

162
Q

covered with a thick, warty stratum corneum

A

Rooster’s comb

163
Q

found in monkeys and apes

A

ischial callosities

164
Q

found in camels

A

knee pads

165
Q

found in cats

A

tori (apical pads)

166
Q
  • dense connective tissue layer, containd blood vessels, collagenous fibers, nerves, pigment cells, fat cells, and fibroblasts
  • support, cushion, and nourish the epidermis
  • macrophages and lymphocytes
A

dermis

167
Q

layer in the dermis

A
  1. papillary layer
  2. reticular layer
168
Q
  • upper dermal region
  • uneven and has finger-like projections from its superior surface
A

papillary layer

169
Q
  • indent the epidermis above
  • capillary loops, which furnish nutrients to the epidermis
A

dermal papillae

170
Q

what does the papillary layer house

A
  • pain receptors
  • touch receptors (Meissner’s corpuscles)
171
Q

involved in skin movement and object handling detection, and their primary stimulation is through dynamic deformation

A

Meissner corpuscles

172
Q

primarily sense skin stretching, movement, and finger position

A

Ruffini corpuscles

173
Q
  • sense vibrations and detect fine textures.
  • deep pressure
A

Pacinian corpuscles

174
Q

function of fingerprints

A
  • increase friction
  • enhance gripping ability of fingers and feet
175
Q
  • deepest skin layer
  • blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, deep pressure receptors
  • have phagocytes
A

reticular layer

176
Q

prevent bacteria that have managed to get through the epidermis from penetrating any deeper into the body

A

phagocytes

177
Q

integument produced prominent bony plates or dermal armor that encased their bodies in an exoskeleton

A
  • ostracoderms
  • placoderms
178
Q

dermal bone is lost and the skin is smooth and without scales

A
  • hagfish
  • lamprays
179
Q
  • cartilagenous fishes
  • dermal bone is absent
  • covered with placoid scales
A

chondrichthyes

180
Q

chondrichthyes or cartilagenous fishes are covered with what

A

placoid scales

181
Q

dermis composed of the superficial loose connective tissue and a deeper layer of dense fibrous connective tissue

A

bony fishes

182
Q

types of scales in bony fishes

A
  1. cosmoid scales
  2. ganoid scales
  3. teleost scales
183
Q
  • in primitive sarcopterygians
  • composed of thick, well developed layer of dentine beneath a thin layer of enamel
A

cosmoid scales

184
Q

where are cosmoid scales found

A

sarcopterygians

185
Q
  • with thick surface coat of enamel and with an underlying layer of dentin
  • dermal bone forms the foundation of this
A

ganoid scales

186
Q

forms the foundation of ganoid scales

A

dermal bone

187
Q
  • lacks enamel, dentin, and a vascular bone
  • with lamellar bone which is acellular and mostly non-calcified
A

teleost scales

188
Q

two types of teleost scales

A
  1. cycloid scales
  2. ctenoid scales
189
Q

composed of concentric rings

A

cycloid scales

190
Q

with a fringe of projections along its posterior margin

A

ctenoid scales

191
Q

make up the shell of the turtle

A

bony plates

ZOO100 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Phylogeny (11 decks)

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