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ZOO100 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Phylogeny > Skeletal System - 1b > Flashcards

Skeletal System - 1b Flashcards

1
Q

Two main divisions of vertebrate skeleton

A
  1. axial skeleton
  2. appendicular skeleton
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2
Q

axial skeleton

A
  1. skull
  2. vertebral column
  3. sternum
  4. ribs
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3
Q

appendicular skeleton

A
  1. limbs
  2. fins
  3. wings
  4. pectoral and pelvic girdles
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4
Q
  • Supports the head and trunk
  • Protects the spinal cord and roots of spinal nerves
A

vertebral column

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5
Q

segments of vertebral column from superior to inferior

A
  1. cervical
  2. thoracic
  3. lumbar
  4. sacral
  5. coccyx
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6
Q

cervical

A

neck

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7
Q

thoracic

A

chest

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8
Q

lumbar

A

small of back

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9
Q

sacral

A

sacrum/pelvic

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10
Q

coccyx

A

tailbone

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11
Q

consisted of an hypocentrum plus 2 pleurocentra called a rachitomous vertebra

A

Crossopterygian vertebrae

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12
Q

Crossopterygian vertebrae composition

A
  1. hypocentrum
  2. rachitomous vertebra
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13
Q

large, wedge-shaped piece

A

hypocentrum

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14
Q

smaller intersegmental pieces

A

pleurocentra

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15
Q

two pleurocentra

A

rachitomous vertebra

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16
Q

trend in vertebra evolution

A
  • pleurocentra to increase in size
  • hypocentrum to decrease in size
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17
Q

consists of centrum, 1 or 2 process, and various processes

A

vertebrae

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18
Q

parts of the vertebrae

A
  1. neural spine
  2. neural arch
  3. centrum
  4. neural canal
  5. zygapophyses
  6. diapophyses
  7. parapophyses
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19
Q

Types of centrum

A
  1. amphicelous
  2. acelous
  3. procelous
  4. opisthocoelous
  5. heterocoelous
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20
Q
  • concave at both ends
  • most fish, a few salamanders (Necturus), & caecilians
A

amphicelous

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21
Q
  • flat-ended centrum
  • mammals
A

acelous

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22
Q
  • concave in front & convex in back
  • anurans & present-day reptiles
A

procelous

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23
Q
  • convex in front & concave in back
  • most salamanders
A

opisthocoelous

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24
Q
  • saddle-shaped centrum at both ends
  • birds
A

heterocoelous

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25
Q

amphicelous animals

A
  • most fish
  • few slamanders (Necturus)
  • caecilians
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26
Q

acelous animals

A

mammals

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27
Q

procelous animals

A
  • anurans
  • present-day reptiles
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28
Q

opisthocoelous animals

A

most salamanders

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29
Q

heterocoelous animals

A

birds

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30
Q

vertebral arches

A
  1. neural arch
  2. hemal arch/ chevrons
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31
Q

on top of centrum

A

neural arch

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32
Q

beneath centrum in caudal vertebrae of fish, salamanders, most reptiles, some birds, & many long-tailed mammals

A

hemal arch/ chevrons

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33
Q
  • most common type of process
  • extend laterally from the base of a neural arch or centrum & separate the epaxial & hypaxial muscles
A

transverse processes

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34
Q

articulate with ribs

A
  • diapophyses
  • parapophyses
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35
Q
  • articulate with one another and limit flexion and torsion of the vertebral column
  • projection from arches and centra
  • some give rigidity to the column, articulate with ribs, or serve as sites of muscle attachment
A
  • prezygapophyses
  • postzygapophyses
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36
Q

prezygapophyses

A

cranial zygapophyses

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37
Q

postzygapophyses

A

caudal zygapophyses

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38
Q
  • do not have typical fish vertebral columns
  • vertebrae include neural arches (cartilaginous dorsal plates) & dorsal intercalary plates are located between successive arches
A

cartilaginous fishes

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39
Q

vertebra of cartilaginous fishes

A
  1. neural arches (cartilaginous dorsal plates)
  2. dorsal intercalary plates
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40
Q

located between successive arches

A

dorsal intercalary plates

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41
Q
  • well-ossified amphicelous vertebrae
  • notochord persists within each centrum (but constricted)
  • neural arch associated with each centrum & hemal arches in tail (caudal) vertebrae
A

teleost

42
Q

arch in tail of teleost vertebrae

A

hemal arches

43
Q

single cervical vertebra; allows little head movement

A

amphibians

44
Q

increased numbers of cervical vertebrae (usually 7) & increased flexibility

A

reptiles

45
Q

usual no. of cervical vertebrae of reptiles

A

7

46
Q

variable number of cervical vertebrae (as many as 25 in swans)

A

Birds

47
Q

no. of cervical vertebrae of swans

A

25

48
Q

usually 7 cervical vertebrae

A

mammals

49
Q

mammal with six cervical vertebrae

A
  • manatee
  • two-toed sloth
50
Q

mammal with eight cervical vertebrae

A

ant bear

51
Q

mammal with nine cervical vertebrae

A

three-toed sloth

52
Q

animals that have its 1st two cervical vertebrae modified & called the atlas & axis

A
  • reptiles
  • birds
  • mammals
53
Q
  • 1st cervical vertebra
  • ring-like (most of centrum gone)
  • provides ‘cradle’ in which skull can ‘rock’ (as when nodding ‘yes’)
A

atlas

54
Q

2nd cervical vertebra

A

axis

55
Q

animals with ribs confined to anterior region of trunk

A
  • Crocodilians
  • lizards
  • birds
  • mammals
56
Q

vertebrate with ribs

A

thoracic

57
Q

vertebrate without ribs

A

lumbar

58
Q
  • may be long or short, cartilaginous or bony
  • articulate medially with vertebrae & extend into the body wall
A

Ribs

59
Q

have 2 pair of ribs for each centrum of trunk (dorsal and ventral rib)

A

A few teleosts

60
Q

what does dorsal rib separate

A

epaxial and hypaxial muscles

61
Q

ventral ribs only

A

most teleost

62
Q

dorsal rib only

A

sharks

63
Q

no ribs

A

agnathans

64
Q

ribs usually articulate with vertebrae in moveable joints

A

Tetrapods

65
Q

ribs articulated with every vertebra from the atlas to the end of the trunk

A

Early tetrapods

66
Q

long ribs limited to thoracic region

A

Later tetrapods

67
Q

most composed of a dorsal element (vertebral rib) & a ventral element (sternal rib)

A

Thoracic Ribs

68
Q

dorsal element

A

vertebral ribs

69
Q

ventral element

A

sternal rib

70
Q
  • may be ossified (birds)
  • or remain cartilaginous (mammals)
  • usually articulate with sternum (except ‘floating ribs’)
A

Sternal ribs

71
Q
  • found in birds
  • provides rib-cage with additional support
A

uncinate processes

72
Q
  • Protects the heart and lungs, and assists breathing
  • Support by the thoracic vertebrae
A

rib cage

73
Q

how many pairs of ribs are there

A

12

74
Q

connect directly to sternum

A

true ribs

75
Q

no. of true ribs

A

7 pairs

76
Q

do not connect directly to sternum

A

false ribs

77
Q

no. of false ribs

A

5 pairs

78
Q

do not connect to any bony/cartilaginous structure ventrally

A

floating ribs

79
Q

sternum in amphibians

A
  • absent in early amphibians
  • only present in anurans among present-day amphibians
80
Q
  • sternum is a plate of cartilage & replacement bone
  • sternum articulates with the pectoral girdle anteriorly & with a variable number of ribs
A

amniotes

81
Q

name given to vertebrae between cervicals & sacrals when all articulate with similar ribs (e.g., fish, amphibians, & snakes)

A

dorsals

82
Q

e.g. of animals with dorsals

A
  1. fish
  2. amphibians
  3. snakes
83
Q

have short transverse processes that brace the pelvic girdle & hindlimbs against the vertebral column

A

sacral vertebrae

84
Q

no. of sacral vertebrae in amphibians

A

1

85
Q

no. of sacral vertebrae in living reptiles and most birds

A

2

86
Q

no. of sacral vertebrae in most mammals

A

3-5

87
Q
  • single bony complex consisting of fused sacral vertebrae
  • found when there is more than 1 sacral vertebra
A

sacrum

88
Q
  • found in birds
  • produced by fusion of last thoracics, all lumbars, all sacrals, & first few caudals
  • fused with pelvic girdle
  • provides rigid support for bipedal locomotion
A

synsacrum

89
Q

what is fused in synsacrum

A
  • last thoracics
  • all lumbars
  • all sacrals
  • first few caudals
90
Q

no. of caudal vertebae in primitive tetrapods

A

50 or more

91
Q
  • number of caudal vertebrae is reduced
  • arches & processes get progressively shorter (the last few caudals typically consist of just cylindrical centra)
A

present-day tetrapods

92
Q

unique terminal segment called the urostyle

A

anurans

93
Q

unique terminal segment in anurans

A

urostyle

94
Q

last 4 or 5 caudal vertebrae fused to form pygostyle

A

birds

95
Q

what is formed when last 4 or 5 caudal vertebrae in birds is fused

A

pygostyle

96
Q

last 3 to 5 caudal vertebrae fused to form coccygeal (or tail bone)

A

apes and humans

97
Q

what is formed by the fusion of 3-5 caudal vertebrae of apes and humans

A

coccygeal or tail bone

98
Q

small, rounded elevation on an organ or bone

A

Tuberculum

99
Q

ventral rib head

A

capitulum

100
Q
  • two cylinder-shaped projections of hard bone that stick out from the back part of the vertebral body, providing side protection for the spinal cord and nerves
  • also serve as a bridge, joining the front and back parts of the vertebra.
A

pedicles

ZOO100 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Phylogeny (19 decks)

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