Postlab 3 - Embryology of Frog and Chick Flashcards
1
Q
- study of embryos, encompasses the study of the development of animals
- deals with ontogenetic development rather than phylogenetic development
A
embryology
2
Q
individual organism development
A
ontogenetic development
3
Q
evolutionary history of an organism
A
phylogenetic development
4
Q
Stages in Ontogenetic Development
A
- gametogenesis
- fertilization
- cleavage
- gastrulation
- organogenesis
- growth and differentiation
5
Q
- formatio and maturation of sperm and egg
- 1N = haploid
A
gametogenesis
6
Q
- fusion of sperm and egg to produce a zygote
- 2N = diploid
A
fertilization
7
Q
mitotic cell divisions of early embryo, eventually forming a blastula or blastodisc
A
cleavage
8
Q
what is eventually formed during cleavage
A
blastula or blastodisc
9
Q
migration and displacement of a single layer of surface cells, still mitotically active, so that three distinct layers are formed
A
gastrulation
10
Q
continuous masses of cells in the 3 germ layers become split into smaller group of cells, each of which will develop into a specific organ or body parts of the animal
A
organogenesis
11
Q
growth of organ rudiments and acquisition of structure and physiochemical properties allowing them to function as adult structures
A
growth and differentiation
12
Q
Classification of eggs based on amount of yolk
A
- megalecithal
- mesolecithal
- microlecithal
13
Q
- huge amount of yolk
- birds, reptiles, bony fish
A
megalecithal
14
Q
megalecithal example
A
- birds
- reptiles
- bony fishes
15
Q
- moderate amount of yolk
- amphibians
A
mesolecithal
16
Q
mesolecithal example
A
amphibians
17
Q
- very little yolk
- amphioxus, mammals
A
microlecithal
18
Q
microlecithal example
A
- amphioxus
- mammals
19
Q
Classification of eggs based on distribution of yolk
A
- isolecithal
- telolecithal
- centrolecithal
20
Q
- yolk evenly distributed
- sea urchins, amphioxus, humans
A
isolecithal
21
Q
isolecithal example
A
- sea urchins
- amphioxus
- humans
22
Q
- yolk distributed in a gradient
- reptiles, fish, birds, amphibians
A
telolecithal
23
Q
telolecithal example
A
- reptiles
- fish
- birds
- amphibians
24
Q
- yolk concentrated in the center of the egg
- most arthropods
A
centrolecithal
25
centrolecithal example
most arthropods
26
what is important in classifying cleavage patterns
position of upper cells relative to lower cells
27
Different cleavage patterns
1. radial cleavage
2. spiral cleavage
28
cleavages are symmetrical to the first
radial cleavage
29
radial cleavage
deuterostomes
30
cleavages are rotated from the first
spiral cleavage
31
spiral cleavage
protostomes
32
end product is blastula
- microlecithal
- mesolecithal
33
end product is blastodisc
macrolecithal
34
Blastula:
microlecithal
- hollow sphere
- wall is single-layered
35
Blastula:
mesolecithal
- hollow sphere
- wall is several layers thick
36
Blastula:
macrolecithal
- blastula forms as plate
- several layers thick
- on top of yolk mass
37
- creates the neural tube, which gives rise to the CNS
- creates the neural crest, which migrates away from the dorsal suface of the neural tube, and gives rise to a diverse set of cell types
- creates the bona fide epidermis, which covers the neural tube once it is created
neurulation
38
Different Stages in Neurulation
1. neural plate stage
2. neural groove stage
3. neural tube stage
4. neural crest
39
gives rise to the central nervous system
neural tube
40
migrates away from the dorsal surface of the neural tube, and give rise to a diverse set of cell types
neural crest
41
covers the neural tube once it is created
epidermis
42
thickening of the dorsal ectoderm
neural plate
43
produce by the infolding and pinching off of the neural plate
neural tube
44
what happens to the neural crest cells during neural tube formation
delamination from the roof of neural tube
45
4th germ layer
neural crest
46
Derivatives of the neural crest
1. peripheral NS
2. endocrine and paracrine derivatives
3. epidermal pigment cells
4. facial cartilage and bone
5. connective tissue
47
majority of body structures are __ in origin
mesodermal
48
rapidly rounds up and separates from lateral mesoderm, forming a discrete cylinder = notochord
notochordal mesoderm
49
where does the notochordal mesoderm separate from to from the notochord
lateral mesoderm
50
mesoderm forms paired series of segmentally arranged blocks
somites
51
from initiation, somites posses a cavity
coelomic cavity
52
lateral mesoderm in _Branchiostoma_
1. mesoderm forms somites
2. initation of somites posses coelomic cavity
53
lateral mesoderm in Vertebrates
1. no initial segmentation of mesoderm
2. forms a continuous sheet wihtout central cavity
3. differentiation occurs from head to tail
54
vertebrate embryo:
made up of somites
epimere
55
vertebrate embryo:
made up of nephrotome
mesomere
56
vertebrate embryo:
made up of lateral plate
hypomere
57
epimere
somite
58
mesomere
nephrotome
59
hypomere
lateral plate
60
Adult Derivatives from Ectoderm
1. epidermis and its derivatives
2. epithelial lining of mouth & anus
3. cornea, lens, and retina
4. NS
5. epidermis' sensory receptors
6. neural crest derivatives
61
Adult Derivatives from Mesoderm
1. notochord
2. skeletal, muscular, excretory, circulatory, lymphatic, reproductive systems
3. muscular layer of stomach & intestine
4. dermis
5. lining of body cavity
6. adrenal cortex
7. heart
62
Adult Derivatives from Endoderm
1. epithelial lining of digestive tract & respiratory system
2. lining of urethra, urinary bladder, & reproductive system
3. liver
4. pancres
5. thymus
6. thyroid, parathyroid glands
63
differentiation of adult body is caused by what?
induction
64
Ectodermal Derivatives in 24-hour chick embryo
1. anterior neuropore
2. head fold
3. neural fold
4. open neural plate
65
Mesodermal Derivatives in 24-hour chick embryo
1. notochord
2. somites
3. unsegmented somite mesoderm
4. lateral plate mesoderm
66
Extraembryonic regions in 24-hour chick embryo
1. proamnion
2. area vasculosa
3. area pellucida
