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ZOO100 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Phylogeny > Postlab 3 - Embryology of Frog and Chick > Flashcards

Postlab 3 - Embryology of Frog and Chick Flashcards

1
Q
  • study of embryos, encompasses the study of the development of animals
  • deals with ontogenetic development rather than phylogenetic development
A

embryology

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2
Q

individual organism development

A

ontogenetic development

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3
Q

evolutionary history of an organism

A

phylogenetic development

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4
Q

Stages in Ontogenetic Development

A
  1. gametogenesis
  2. fertilization
  3. cleavage
  4. gastrulation
  5. organogenesis
  6. growth and differentiation
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5
Q
  • formatio and maturation of sperm and egg
  • 1N = haploid
A

gametogenesis

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6
Q
  • fusion of sperm and egg to produce a zygote
  • 2N = diploid
A

fertilization

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7
Q

mitotic cell divisions of early embryo, eventually forming a blastula or blastodisc

A

cleavage

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8
Q

what is eventually formed during cleavage

A

blastula or blastodisc

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9
Q

migration and displacement of a single layer of surface cells, still mitotically active, so that three distinct layers are formed

A

gastrulation

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10
Q

continuous masses of cells in the 3 germ layers become split into smaller group of cells, each of which will develop into a specific organ or body parts of the animal

A

organogenesis

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11
Q

growth of organ rudiments and acquisition of structure and physiochemical properties allowing them to function as adult structures

A

growth and differentiation

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12
Q

Classification of eggs based on amount of yolk

A
  1. megalecithal
  2. mesolecithal
  3. microlecithal
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13
Q
  • huge amount of yolk
  • birds, reptiles, bony fish
A

megalecithal

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14
Q

megalecithal example

A
  • birds
  • reptiles
  • bony fishes
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15
Q
  • moderate amount of yolk
  • amphibians
A

mesolecithal

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16
Q

mesolecithal example

A

amphibians

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17
Q
  • very little yolk
  • amphioxus, mammals
A

microlecithal

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18
Q

microlecithal example

A
  • amphioxus
  • mammals
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19
Q

Classification of eggs based on distribution of yolk

A
  1. isolecithal
  2. telolecithal
  3. centrolecithal
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20
Q
  • yolk evenly distributed
  • sea urchins, amphioxus, humans
A

isolecithal

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21
Q

isolecithal example

A
  • sea urchins
  • amphioxus
  • humans
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22
Q
  • yolk distributed in a gradient
  • reptiles, fish, birds, amphibians
A

telolecithal

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23
Q

telolecithal example

A
  • reptiles
  • fish
  • birds
  • amphibians
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24
Q
  • yolk concentrated in the center of the egg
  • most arthropods
A

centrolecithal

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25
Q

centrolecithal example

A

most arthropods

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26
Q

what is important in classifying cleavage patterns

A

position of upper cells relative to lower cells

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27
Q

Different cleavage patterns

A
  1. radial cleavage
  2. spiral cleavage
28
Q

cleavages are symmetrical to the first

A

radial cleavage

29
Q

radial cleavage

A

deuterostomes

30
Q

cleavages are rotated from the first

A

spiral cleavage

31
Q

spiral cleavage

A

protostomes

32
Q

end product is blastula

A
  • microlecithal
  • mesolecithal
33
Q

end product is blastodisc

A

macrolecithal

34
Q

Blastula:
microlecithal

A
  • hollow sphere
  • wall is single-layered
35
Q

Blastula:
mesolecithal

A
  • hollow sphere
  • wall is several layers thick
36
Q

Blastula:
macrolecithal

A
  • blastula forms as plate
  • several layers thick
  • on top of yolk mass
37
Q
  • creates the neural tube, which gives rise to the CNS
  • creates the neural crest, which migrates away from the dorsal suface of the neural tube, and gives rise to a diverse set of cell types
  • creates the bona fide epidermis, which covers the neural tube once it is created
A

neurulation

38
Q

Different Stages in Neurulation

A
  1. neural plate stage
  2. neural groove stage
  3. neural tube stage
  4. neural crest
39
Q

gives rise to the central nervous system

A

neural tube

40
Q

migrates away from the dorsal surface of the neural tube, and give rise to a diverse set of cell types

A

neural crest

41
Q

covers the neural tube once it is created

A

epidermis

42
Q

thickening of the dorsal ectoderm

A

neural plate

43
Q

produce by the infolding and pinching off of the neural plate

A

neural tube

44
Q

what happens to the neural crest cells during neural tube formation

A

delamination from the roof of neural tube

45
Q

4th germ layer

A

neural crest

46
Q

Derivatives of the neural crest

A
  1. peripheral NS
  2. endocrine and paracrine derivatives
  3. epidermal pigment cells
  4. facial cartilage and bone
  5. connective tissue
47
Q

majority of body structures are __ in origin

A

mesodermal

48
Q

rapidly rounds up and separates from lateral mesoderm, forming a discrete cylinder = notochord

A

notochordal mesoderm

49
Q

where does the notochordal mesoderm separate from to from the notochord

A

lateral mesoderm

50
Q

mesoderm forms paired series of segmentally arranged blocks

A

somites

51
Q

from initiation, somites posses a cavity

A

coelomic cavity

52
Q

lateral mesoderm in Branchiostoma

A
  1. mesoderm forms somites
  2. initation of somites posses coelomic cavity
53
Q

lateral mesoderm in Vertebrates

A
  1. no initial segmentation of mesoderm
  2. forms a continuous sheet wihtout central cavity
  3. differentiation occurs from head to tail
54
Q

vertebrate embryo:
made up of somites

A

epimere

55
Q

vertebrate embryo:
made up of nephrotome

A

mesomere

56
Q

vertebrate embryo:
made up of lateral plate

A

hypomere

57
Q

epimere

A

somite

58
Q

mesomere

A

nephrotome

59
Q

hypomere

A

lateral plate

60
Q

Adult Derivatives from Ectoderm

A
  1. epidermis and its derivatives
  2. epithelial lining of mouth & anus
  3. cornea, lens, and retina
  4. NS
  5. epidermis’ sensory receptors
  6. neural crest derivatives
61
Q

Adult Derivatives from Mesoderm

A
  1. notochord
  2. skeletal, muscular, excretory, circulatory, lymphatic, reproductive systems
  3. muscular layer of stomach & intestine
  4. dermis
  5. lining of body cavity
  6. adrenal cortex
  7. heart
62
Q

Adult Derivatives from Endoderm

A
  1. epithelial lining of digestive tract & respiratory system
  2. lining of urethra, urinary bladder, & reproductive system
  3. liver
  4. pancres
  5. thymus
  6. thyroid, parathyroid glands
63
Q

differentiation of adult body is caused by what?

A

induction

64
Q

Ectodermal Derivatives in 24-hour chick embryo

A
  1. anterior neuropore
  2. head fold
  3. neural fold
  4. open neural plate
65
Q

Mesodermal Derivatives in 24-hour chick embryo

A
  1. notochord
  2. somites
  3. unsegmented somite mesoderm
  4. lateral plate mesoderm
66
Q

Extraembryonic regions in 24-hour chick embryo

A
  1. proamnion
  2. area vasculosa
  3. area pellucida

ZOO100 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Phylogeny (11 decks)

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