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ZOO100 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Phylogeny > Lesson 1 - Introduction > Flashcards

Lesson 1 - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

study of structure of vertebrates (descriptive morphology) and of the functional significance of the structure (functional morphology)

A

Comparative vertebrate anatomy

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2
Q

Systems that are affected by the environment

A
  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
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3
Q

System that is affected by type of food

A

Digestive System

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4
Q

Digestive System of carnivores

A

shorter and simpler digestive system

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5
Q

Digestive System of herbivores

A
  • several stomach chambers
  • comparatively longer digestive tract
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6
Q

Two categories of animals

A
  1. invertebrates
  2. vertebrates
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7
Q

no vertebral column

A

invertebrates

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8
Q

with vertebral column

A

vertebrates

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9
Q

transitional between invertebrates and vertebrates

A

protochordates

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10
Q

Phylum Chordata: The Big Four

A
  1. pharyngeal slits
  2. dorsal nerve cord
  3. notochord
  4. post-anal tail
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11
Q

openings that connect the inside of the throat to the outside of the “neck”

A

pharyngeal slits

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12
Q

bundle of nerve fibers which run down the “back”, connects the brain with the lateral muscles and other organs

A

dorsal nerve cord

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13
Q

cartilaginous rod running underneath, and supporting, the nerve cord

A

notochord

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14
Q

extension of the body past the anal opening

A

post-anal tail

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15
Q

Tunicates in adulthood

A

sessile

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16
Q

fixed in one place, immobile

A

sessile

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17
Q

animals that have notochord at least in the embryo stage

A

Phylum Chordata

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18
Q

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum.. ?

A
  1. Subphylum Urochordata
  2. Subphylum Cephalochordata
  3. Subphylum Craniata
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19
Q

group of underwater saclike filter feeders with incurrent and excurrent siphons

A

Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicates/ Sea Squirts)

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20
Q

consists of a notochord extended to the head region

A

Subphylum Cephalochordata

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21
Q
  • chordates with a nuerocranium (braincase)
  • posses a cranium, which is a bony, cartilaginous, or fibrous structure surrounding the brain, jaw, and facial bones
  • includes all vertebrates and the hagfishes (Myxini), which have a cranium but lack a backbone
A

Subphylum Craniata

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22
Q

braincase

A

neurocranium

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23
Q

craniates without vertebrae

A

hagfish

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24
Q

craniates with vertebrae

A

vertebrata

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25
Q

Three Regional Components of Phylum Chordata

A
  1. Head
  2. Trunk
  3. Tail
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26
Q
  • special sense organs
  • brain (receive and process essential information)
  • where the jaws are located
  • in fishes - where gills for respiration can be found
  • were most sense organs are found
  • monitor external environments
A

Head

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27
Q

the concentration of sense organs, nervous control, etc., at the anterior end of the body, forming a head and brain, both during evolution and in the course of an embryo’s development.

A

cephalization

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28
Q
  • coelom (houses most of the viscera)
  • pectoral and pelvic appendages
  • neck
  • body wall - surrounds the coelom (muscle, vertebral column and ribs)
A

trunk

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29
Q

fluid-filled body cavity of an animal that contains the internal organs

A

coelom

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30
Q

surrounds the coelom (muscle, vertebral column and ribs)

A

body wall

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31
Q
  • commences at the anus or vent (post anal)
  • caudal continuation of the body wall muscles, axial skeleton, nerves and blood vessels
A

tail

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32
Q

Three Principal Body Axes

A
  1. longitudinal axis (anteroposterior)
  2. dorsoventral axis
  3. left-right axis (bilateral symmetry)
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33
Q

Three principal anatomic planes

A
  1. transverse plane
  2. frontal plane
  3. sagittal plane
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34
Q
  • divides the body into an upper (superior) section and a lower (inferior) section
  • left and right and the dorsoventral plane
A

transverse plane

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35
Q
  • divides the body into dorsal (posterior or back) and ventral (anterior or front) portions
  • left and right and longitudinal axes
A

frontal plane

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36
Q
  • divides the body into a left section and a right section
  • longitudinal and dorsoventral plane
A

sagittal plane

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37
Q

Craniate Characteristics

A
  1. cranium
  2. three-part brain
  3. neural crest and its derivatives
  4. paired external sense organs
  5. cartilage
  • bilateral symmetry
  • chordate “big four”
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38
Q
  • bones that form the head. - made up of cranial bones (bones that surround and protect the brain) and facial bones (bones that form the eye sockets, nose, cheeks, jaw, and other parts of the face)
A

cranium

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39
Q

bones that surround and protect the brain

A

cranial bones

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40
Q

bones that form the eye sockets, nose, cheeks, jaw, and other parts of the face

A

facial bones

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41
Q

Three parts of the brain

A
  1. cerebrum
  2. cerebellum
  3. brainstem
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42
Q
  • collection of multipotent stem cells located at the side of the neural tube proximal to the epidermal layer after neurulation
  • These cells migrate throughout the embryo using a variety of mechanisms and give rise to a large range of cell types.
A

neural crest

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43
Q

ex. of paired external sense organs

A
  • olfactory
  • optic
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44
Q

Vertebrate Characteristics

A
  1. vertebral column
  2. two semicircular canals
  3. electroreception
  4. lateral line system with
  5. multicellular neuromasts
  6. soft tissue specializations
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45
Q
  • bones, muscles, tendons, and other tissues that reach from the base of the skull to the tailbone
  • encloses the spinal cord and the fluid surrounding the spinal cord
A

vertebral column

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46
Q

three tiny, fluid-filled tubes in the inner ear that help you keep your balance

A

semicircular canals

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47
Q
  • biological ability to perceive natural electrical stimuli
  • has been observed almost exclusively in aquatic or amphibious animals, since salt-water is a much better conductor than air, the currently known exceptions being echidnas, cockroaches and bees
A

Electroreception

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48
Q

system of tactile sense organs, unique to aquatic vertebrates from cyclostome fishes (lampreys and hagfish) to amphibians, that serves to detect movements and pressure changes in the surrounding water.

A

lateral line system

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49
Q

consist of sensory cells, which detect water movement by deflection of cilia, and associated support and mantle cells.

A

Neuromasts

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50
Q
  • includes a variety of distinct tissues with specialized cells and unique ground substances that result in wide-ranging properties.
  • include adipose, cartilage, bone, blood, and lymphatic tissues
  • tissues contribute to diverse functions
A

Specialized connective tissue

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51
Q
  • modified parts of the lateral line system and primarily sensitive to electrical fields (they can help a shark sense prey by detecting the electrical fields generated by activities of the prey)
A

ampullae of Lorenzini

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52
Q

Structures common to Craniate and Vertebrates

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Pharynx
  3. Doral hollow nervous system
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53
Q

rod of living cells ventral to central nervous system and dorsal to alimentary canal

A

notochord

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54
Q
  • also called the digestive tract
  • This long tube of organs makes a pathway for food to travel through the body
  • runs from the mouth to the anus (where poop comes out) and includes the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
A

alimentary canal

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55
Q

notochord remains as the chief axial skeleton

A

protochordates

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56
Q

Notochord persists the length of the trunk and tail, constricted within the centrum of each vertebra

A
  • fishes
  • amphibians
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57
Q

Fate of notochord in fishes and amphibians

A
  • persists length of trunk and tail
  • constricted within the centrum of each vertebra
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58
Q

notochord almost disappears during development (e.g. remains as a pulpy nucleus in the vertebrae of mammals)

A
  • reptiles
  • birds
  • mammals
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59
Q

Fate of notochord in reptiles, birds, and mammals

A
  • notochord almost disappears during development
  • e.g. remains as a pulpy nucleus in the vertebrae of mammals
60
Q

remnant of notochord in reptiles, birds and mammals

A

nucleus pulposus

61
Q
  • alimentary canal with pharyngeal pouches in embryo
  • pouches may open to the exterior as slits
A

pharynx

62
Q

Fate of Pharynx

A
  1. gills of fishes
  2. lungs of tetrapods
  3. skeleton and musculature of the jaws
  4. endocrine glands
  5. provides (human), dyring fetal life and for a short time thereafter the initial cells of immune system
63
Q
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • peripheral nervous system
A

dorsal hollow nervous system

64
Q

Two main parts of the nervous system

A
  1. Central nervous system
  2. Peripheral nervous system
65
Q

Central nervous system

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
66
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A
  • cranial nerves
  • ganglia outside CNS
  • spinal nerves
67
Q

Other Craniate Characteristics

A
  1. integument
  2. respiratory mechanism
  3. coelom
  4. digestive system
  5. urogenital organs
  6. circulatory system
  7. skeleton
  8. muscular system
  9. sense organs
68
Q

tough outer protective layer, especially that of an animal or plant.

A

integument

69
Q

Two parts of the integument

A
  1. epidermis
  2. dermis
70
Q
  • multilayered
  • terrestrial craniates have cornified appendages
  • surface layer of dead cells to prevent dehydration upon expoure to air
A

epidermis

71
Q

ex. of cornified appendages

A
  • spines
  • reptilian scales
  • feathers
  • hair
  • claws
72
Q
  • dense fibrous tissue
  • inner layer of the two main layers of the skin
  • connective tissue, blood vessels, oil and sweat glands, nerves, hair follicles, and other structures. It is made up of a thin upper layer called the papillary dermis, and a thick lower layer called the reticular dermis.
A

dermis

73
Q

different kinds of glands in the integument

A
  • defensive
  • lubricatory
  • nutritive
  • pheromonal
  • homeostasis
74
Q
  • external respiration (exchange of respiratory gases between the animal and the environment)
  • gills, lungs, skin, oral, and pharyngeal cavities
A

respiratory mechanism

75
Q

exchange of respiratory gases between the animal and the environment

A

external respiration

76
Q

different organs that is part of respiration

A
  • gills
  • lungs
  • skin
  • oral and pharyngeal cavities
77
Q

the cavity that separates the body wall and the gut

A

coelom

78
Q

Cavity in fishes, amphibians, and some non-amnion reptiles

A
  1. pericardial cavity
  2. pleuroperitoneal cavity
79
Q

pericardial cavity

A

heart

80
Q

pleuroperitoneal cavity

A
  • other visceral organs (fish)
  • other visceral organs and lungs (amphibian)
81
Q

separates the pericardial and pleuroperitoneal cavities

A

transverse septum

82
Q

Cavity in reptiles and mammals

A
  1. pericardial cavity
  2. pleural cavity
  3. abdominal cavity
  4. scrotal cavities
83
Q

pleural cavity

A

lungs

84
Q

other term for abdominal cavity

A

peritoneal cavity

85
Q

abdominal cavity

A

digestive tract caudad to the esophagus

86
Q

scrotal cavities

A

testes (male mammals)

87
Q

where is the scrotal cavity found

A

outside body cavity

88
Q

encloses the coelom

A

peritoneal membranes

89
Q

lies against the dorsal body wall just external to the peritoneum

A

retroperitoneal organ (kidney)

90
Q
  • serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
  • composed of mesothelial cells that are supported by a thin layer of fibrous tissue and is embryologically derived from the mesoderm.
A

peritoneum

91
Q
  • line body cavities that do not open directly to the outside, and they cover the organs located in those cavities
  • covered by a thin layer of serous fluid that is secreted by the epithelium.
A

Serous membranes

92
Q

acquisition, processing, temporary storage, digestion and absorption of food and for elimination of absrobed residue

A

digestive system

93
Q

Parts of the digestive system

A
  1. oral cavity
  2. pharynx
  3. esophagus
  4. stomach
  5. intestine
  6. cloaca or anus
94
Q
  • common chamber and outlet into which the intestinal, urinary, and genital tracts open
  • present in amphibians, reptiles, birds, elasmobranch fishes (such as sharks), and monotremes
  • not present in placental mammals or in most bony fishes
A

cloaca

95
Q

What are the accessory organs

A
  1. liver
  2. pancreas
  3. gallbladder
96
Q

removes toxins from the body’s blood supply, maintains healthy blood sugar levels, regulates blood clotting, and performs hundreds of other vital functions

A

liver

97
Q
  • an organ of the digestive system and of the endocrine system
  • in exocrine, it produces enzymes that help to digest food, particularly protein
  • in endocrine, it makes the hormone insulin, which helps to control blood sugar levels
A

pancreas

98
Q

excretory and reproductive systems

A

urogenital organs

99
Q

What are the reproductive organs and what do they do

A
  1. gonads
  2. ducts
  3. accessory organs
  4. storage chambers
  5. copulatory mechanisms
100
Q

to engage in sexual intercourse

A

copulatory mechanisms

101
Q

What are different types of copulatory organs

A
  1. penis (ex. cat)
  2. hemipenis (ex. snake)
  3. claspers (ex. shark)
102
Q
  • in vertebrates, it function in both excretion and osmoregulation
  • eliminating water, maintaining an appropriate elecrtolyte balance in the blood
A

kidneys

103
Q

produce urine

A

kidney

104
Q

transport urine

A

ureters

105
Q

stores urine

A

urinary bladder

106
Q

passes urine to outside

A

urethra

107
Q
  • system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body
  • helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products
A

circulatory system

108
Q

Parts of the circulatory system

A
  1. heart
  2. arteries
  3. veins
  4. capillaries
  5. blood
109
Q

supports the circulatory system by draining excess fluids and proteins from tissues back into the bloodstream, thereby preventing tissue swelling

A

lymphatic system

110
Q

Parts of the lymphatic system

A
  1. lymph
  2. lymph nodes
  3. lymph vessels
111
Q

Where is the lymph drained back into the bloodstream?

A

two subclavian veins, located under the collarbones

112
Q

What do the subclavian veins join to form into?

A

superior vena cava

113
Q

plasma, formed elements (RBC, WBC, platelets)

A

blood

114
Q

What comprises the blood

A
  • plasma
  • red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  • white blood cells (leukocytes)
  • platelets (thrombocytes)
115
Q

conduct or passageway of blood

A

blood vessels

116
Q

collect some of the interstitial fluids and conduct them to large veins

A

lymph vessels

117
Q

pumps blood to all parts of the body

A

heart

118
Q
  • cartilage, bone and ligaments
  • gives the body its shape
  • protects vital organs
  • provide the site for attachment of locomotor and other muscles
A

skeleton

119
Q

Different parts of the skeleton

A
  1. axial skeleton
  2. pharyngeal skeleton
  3. appendicular skeleton
120
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull and vertebral column

121
Q

pharyngeal skeleton

A

supports the gills

122
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

anterior and posterior limbs

123
Q
  • like a machine that converts chemical energy from food into mechanical energy.
  • The 5 main functions are movement, support, protection, heat generation, and blood circulation.
A

muscular system

124
Q

What are the 5 main functions of the muscular system

A
  1. movement
  2. support
  3. protection
  4. heat generation
  5. blood circulation
125
Q

Different types of muscle

A
  1. smooth muscle
  2. skeletal muscle
  3. cardiac muscle
126
Q
  • spindle-shaped cells, each with a single nucleus
  • cells have no striations
  • double innervation by parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system; involuntary
  • blood vessel walls, walls of the digestive tract
  • functions in movement of substances in lumens of body
A

smooth muscle

127
Q

carries signals that put your body’s systems on alert

A

sympathetic nervous system

128
Q

carries signals that return the body’s systems to their standard activity levels

A

parasympathetic nervous system

129
Q

where are smooth muscles found

A
  • blood vessel walls
  • walls of digestive tract
130
Q
  • has cylindrical and striated cells with multiple nuclei (syncytial)
  • occurs in muscles attached to the skeleton
  • single innervation by motor nerve
  • function in voluntary movement of the body
A

skeletal muscle

131
Q

single cell that contains multiple nuclei

A

syncytium

132
Q

it can contract regularly without input from a motor neuron

A

myogenic

133
Q

its contraction must be initiated by an autonomic nervous system neuron

A

neurogenic

134
Q
  • has cylindrical but branching striated cells, each with a single nucleus
  • double innervation by parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system; involuntary
  • occurs int he wall of the heart
  • function in the pumping of blood
A

cardiac muscle

135
Q
  • generates an electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers (atria) to contract. The signal then passes through the AV (atrioventricular) node to the lower heart chambers (ventricles), causing them to contract, or pump
  • considered the pacemaker of the heart
A

SA (sinoatrial) node

136
Q

causes the lower heart chambers (ventricles) to contract

A

AV (atrioventricular) node

137
Q
  • allows rapid propagation of action potentials across the entire myocardium
  • enables the heart to contract and relax as a single unit (functional syncytium)
A

branched nature of cells and gap junctions

138
Q

concentrated anteriorly on the head that monitors the external and internal environments

A

sense organs

139
Q

Different types of sense organs

A
  1. exteroceptors
  2. mechanoreceptors
  3. chemoreceptors
  4. electroreceptors
  5. thermoreceptors
  6. receptors for radiation
140
Q

exteroceptors

A

monitor the external environment

141
Q

mechanoreceptors

A
  • pressure
  • vibrations
  • direct contact
142
Q

chemoreceptors

A

chemicals

143
Q

electroreceptors

A

electrical

144
Q

thermoreceptors

A

temperature

145
Q

very deep touch/ pressure

A

pacinian corpuscles

146
Q

light touch/ pressure

A

meissner’s corpuscles

ZOO100 - Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy and Phylogeny (11 decks)

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