Lesson 1 - Introduction Flashcards
study of structure of vertebrates (descriptive morphology) and of the functional significance of the structure (functional morphology)
Comparative vertebrate anatomy
Systems that are affected by the environment
- Skeletal
- Muscular
System that is affected by type of food
Digestive System
Digestive System of carnivores
shorter and simpler digestive system
Digestive System of herbivores
- several stomach chambers
- comparatively longer digestive tract
Two categories of animals
- invertebrates
- vertebrates
no vertebral column
invertebrates
with vertebral column
vertebrates
transitional between invertebrates and vertebrates
protochordates
Phylum Chordata: The Big Four
- pharyngeal slits
- dorsal nerve cord
- notochord
- post-anal tail
openings that connect the inside of the throat to the outside of the “neck”
pharyngeal slits
bundle of nerve fibers which run down the “back”, connects the brain with the lateral muscles and other organs
dorsal nerve cord
cartilaginous rod running underneath, and supporting, the nerve cord
notochord
extension of the body past the anal opening
post-anal tail
Tunicates in adulthood
sessile
fixed in one place, immobile
sessile
animals that have notochord at least in the embryo stage
Phylum Chordata
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum.. ?
- Subphylum Urochordata
- Subphylum Cephalochordata
- Subphylum Craniata
group of underwater saclike filter feeders with incurrent and excurrent siphons
Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicates/ Sea Squirts)
consists of a notochord extended to the head region
Subphylum Cephalochordata
- chordates with a nuerocranium (braincase)
- posses a cranium, which is a bony, cartilaginous, or fibrous structure surrounding the brain, jaw, and facial bones
- includes all vertebrates and the hagfishes (Myxini), which have a cranium but lack a backbone
Subphylum Craniata
braincase
neurocranium
craniates without vertebrae
hagfish
craniates with vertebrae
vertebrata
Three Regional Components of Phylum Chordata
- Head
- Trunk
- Tail
- special sense organs
- brain (receive and process essential information)
- where the jaws are located
- in fishes - where gills for respiration can be found
- were most sense organs are found
- monitor external environments
Head
the concentration of sense organs, nervous control, etc., at the anterior end of the body, forming a head and brain, both during evolution and in the course of an embryo’s development.
cephalization
- coelom (houses most of the viscera)
- pectoral and pelvic appendages
- neck
- body wall - surrounds the coelom (muscle, vertebral column and ribs)
trunk
fluid-filled body cavity of an animal that contains the internal organs
coelom
surrounds the coelom (muscle, vertebral column and ribs)
body wall
- commences at the anus or vent (post anal)
- caudal continuation of the body wall muscles, axial skeleton, nerves and blood vessels
tail
Three Principal Body Axes
- longitudinal axis (anteroposterior)
- dorsoventral axis
- left-right axis (bilateral symmetry)
Three principal anatomic planes
- transverse plane
- frontal plane
- sagittal plane
- divides the body into an upper (superior) section and a lower (inferior) section
- left and right and the dorsoventral plane
transverse plane
- divides the body into dorsal (posterior or back) and ventral (anterior or front) portions
- left and right and longitudinal axes
frontal plane
- divides the body into a left section and a right section
- longitudinal and dorsoventral plane
sagittal plane
Craniate Characteristics
- cranium
- three-part brain
- neural crest and its derivatives
- paired external sense organs
- cartilage
- bilateral symmetry
- chordate “big four”
- bones that form the head. - made up of cranial bones (bones that surround and protect the brain) and facial bones (bones that form the eye sockets, nose, cheeks, jaw, and other parts of the face)
cranium
bones that surround and protect the brain
cranial bones
bones that form the eye sockets, nose, cheeks, jaw, and other parts of the face
facial bones
Three parts of the brain
- cerebrum
- cerebellum
- brainstem
- collection of multipotent stem cells located at the side of the neural tube proximal to the epidermal layer after neurulation
- These cells migrate throughout the embryo using a variety of mechanisms and give rise to a large range of cell types.
neural crest
ex. of paired external sense organs
- olfactory
- optic
Vertebrate Characteristics
- vertebral column
- two semicircular canals
- electroreception
- lateral line system with
- multicellular neuromasts
- soft tissue specializations
- bones, muscles, tendons, and other tissues that reach from the base of the skull to the tailbone
- encloses the spinal cord and the fluid surrounding the spinal cord
vertebral column
three tiny, fluid-filled tubes in the inner ear that help you keep your balance
semicircular canals
- biological ability to perceive natural electrical stimuli
- has been observed almost exclusively in aquatic or amphibious animals, since salt-water is a much better conductor than air, the currently known exceptions being echidnas, cockroaches and bees
Electroreception
system of tactile sense organs, unique to aquatic vertebrates from cyclostome fishes (lampreys and hagfish) to amphibians, that serves to detect movements and pressure changes in the surrounding water.
lateral line system
consist of sensory cells, which detect water movement by deflection of cilia, and associated support and mantle cells.
Neuromasts
- includes a variety of distinct tissues with specialized cells and unique ground substances that result in wide-ranging properties.
- include adipose, cartilage, bone, blood, and lymphatic tissues
- tissues contribute to diverse functions
Specialized connective tissue
- modified parts of the lateral line system and primarily sensitive to electrical fields (they can help a shark sense prey by detecting the electrical fields generated by activities of the prey)
ampullae of Lorenzini
Structures common to Craniate and Vertebrates
- Notochord
- Pharynx
- Doral hollow nervous system
rod of living cells ventral to central nervous system and dorsal to alimentary canal
notochord
- also called the digestive tract
- This long tube of organs makes a pathway for food to travel through the body
- runs from the mouth to the anus (where poop comes out) and includes the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
alimentary canal
notochord remains as the chief axial skeleton
protochordates
Notochord persists the length of the trunk and tail, constricted within the centrum of each vertebra
- fishes
- amphibians
Fate of notochord in fishes and amphibians
- persists length of trunk and tail
- constricted within the centrum of each vertebra
notochord almost disappears during development (e.g. remains as a pulpy nucleus in the vertebrae of mammals)
- reptiles
- birds
- mammals
Fate of notochord in reptiles, birds, and mammals
- notochord almost disappears during development
- e.g. remains as a pulpy nucleus in the vertebrae of mammals
remnant of notochord in reptiles, birds and mammals
nucleus pulposus
- alimentary canal with pharyngeal pouches in embryo
- pouches may open to the exterior as slits
pharynx
Fate of Pharynx
- gills of fishes
- lungs of tetrapods
- skeleton and musculature of the jaws
- endocrine glands
- provides (human), dyring fetal life and for a short time thereafter the initial cells of immune system
- brain
- spinal cord
- peripheral nervous system
dorsal hollow nervous system
Two main parts of the nervous system
- Central nervous system
- Peripheral nervous system
Central nervous system
- brain
- spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
- cranial nerves
- ganglia outside CNS
- spinal nerves
Other Craniate Characteristics
- integument
- respiratory mechanism
- coelom
- digestive system
- urogenital organs
- circulatory system
- skeleton
- muscular system
- sense organs
tough outer protective layer, especially that of an animal or plant.
integument
Two parts of the integument
- epidermis
- dermis
- multilayered
- terrestrial craniates have cornified appendages
- surface layer of dead cells to prevent dehydration upon expoure to air
epidermis
ex. of cornified appendages
- spines
- reptilian scales
- feathers
- hair
- claws
- dense fibrous tissue
- inner layer of the two main layers of the skin
- connective tissue, blood vessels, oil and sweat glands, nerves, hair follicles, and other structures. It is made up of a thin upper layer called the papillary dermis, and a thick lower layer called the reticular dermis.
dermis
different kinds of glands in the integument
- defensive
- lubricatory
- nutritive
- pheromonal
- homeostasis
- external respiration (exchange of respiratory gases between the animal and the environment)
- gills, lungs, skin, oral, and pharyngeal cavities
respiratory mechanism
exchange of respiratory gases between the animal and the environment
external respiration
different organs that is part of respiration
- gills
- lungs
- skin
- oral and pharyngeal cavities
the cavity that separates the body wall and the gut
coelom
Cavity in fishes, amphibians, and some non-amnion reptiles
- pericardial cavity
- pleuroperitoneal cavity
pericardial cavity
heart
pleuroperitoneal cavity
- other visceral organs (fish)
- other visceral organs and lungs (amphibian)
separates the pericardial and pleuroperitoneal cavities
transverse septum
Cavity in reptiles and mammals
- pericardial cavity
- pleural cavity
- abdominal cavity
- scrotal cavities
pleural cavity
lungs
other term for abdominal cavity
peritoneal cavity
abdominal cavity
digestive tract caudad to the esophagus
scrotal cavities
testes (male mammals)
where is the scrotal cavity found
outside body cavity
encloses the coelom
peritoneal membranes
lies against the dorsal body wall just external to the peritoneum
retroperitoneal organ (kidney)
- serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
- composed of mesothelial cells that are supported by a thin layer of fibrous tissue and is embryologically derived from the mesoderm.
peritoneum
- line body cavities that do not open directly to the outside, and they cover the organs located in those cavities
- covered by a thin layer of serous fluid that is secreted by the epithelium.
Serous membranes
acquisition, processing, temporary storage, digestion and absorption of food and for elimination of absrobed residue
digestive system
Parts of the digestive system
- oral cavity
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- intestine
- cloaca or anus
- common chamber and outlet into which the intestinal, urinary, and genital tracts open
- present in amphibians, reptiles, birds, elasmobranch fishes (such as sharks), and monotremes
- not present in placental mammals or in most bony fishes
cloaca
What are the accessory organs
- liver
- pancreas
- gallbladder
removes toxins from the body’s blood supply, maintains healthy blood sugar levels, regulates blood clotting, and performs hundreds of other vital functions
liver
- an organ of the digestive system and of the endocrine system
- in exocrine, it produces enzymes that help to digest food, particularly protein
- in endocrine, it makes the hormone insulin, which helps to control blood sugar levels
pancreas
excretory and reproductive systems
urogenital organs
What are the reproductive organs and what do they do
- gonads
- ducts
- accessory organs
- storage chambers
- copulatory mechanisms
to engage in sexual intercourse
copulatory mechanisms
What are different types of copulatory organs
- penis (ex. cat)
- hemipenis (ex. snake)
- claspers (ex. shark)
- in vertebrates, it function in both excretion and osmoregulation
- eliminating water, maintaining an appropriate elecrtolyte balance in the blood
kidneys
produce urine
kidney
transport urine
ureters
stores urine
urinary bladder
passes urine to outside
urethra
- system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body
- helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products
circulatory system
Parts of the circulatory system
- heart
- arteries
- veins
- capillaries
- blood
supports the circulatory system by draining excess fluids and proteins from tissues back into the bloodstream, thereby preventing tissue swelling
lymphatic system
Parts of the lymphatic system
- lymph
- lymph nodes
- lymph vessels
Where is the lymph drained back into the bloodstream?
two subclavian veins, located under the collarbones
What do the subclavian veins join to form into?
superior vena cava
plasma, formed elements (RBC, WBC, platelets)
blood
What comprises the blood
- plasma
- red blood cells (erythrocytes)
- white blood cells (leukocytes)
- platelets (thrombocytes)
conduct or passageway of blood
blood vessels
collect some of the interstitial fluids and conduct them to large veins
lymph vessels
pumps blood to all parts of the body
heart
- cartilage, bone and ligaments
- gives the body its shape
- protects vital organs
- provide the site for attachment of locomotor and other muscles
skeleton
Different parts of the skeleton
- axial skeleton
- pharyngeal skeleton
- appendicular skeleton
axial skeleton
skull and vertebral column
pharyngeal skeleton
supports the gills
appendicular skeleton
anterior and posterior limbs
- like a machine that converts chemical energy from food into mechanical energy.
- The 5 main functions are movement, support, protection, heat generation, and blood circulation.
muscular system
What are the 5 main functions of the muscular system
- movement
- support
- protection
- heat generation
- blood circulation
Different types of muscle
- smooth muscle
- skeletal muscle
- cardiac muscle
- spindle-shaped cells, each with a single nucleus
- cells have no striations
- double innervation by parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system; involuntary
- blood vessel walls, walls of the digestive tract
- functions in movement of substances in lumens of body
smooth muscle
carries signals that put your body’s systems on alert
sympathetic nervous system
carries signals that return the body’s systems to their standard activity levels
parasympathetic nervous system
where are smooth muscles found
- blood vessel walls
- walls of digestive tract
- has cylindrical and striated cells with multiple nuclei (syncytial)
- occurs in muscles attached to the skeleton
- single innervation by motor nerve
- function in voluntary movement of the body
skeletal muscle
single cell that contains multiple nuclei
syncytium
it can contract regularly without input from a motor neuron
myogenic
its contraction must be initiated by an autonomic nervous system neuron
neurogenic
- has cylindrical but branching striated cells, each with a single nucleus
- double innervation by parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system; involuntary
- occurs int he wall of the heart
- function in the pumping of blood
cardiac muscle
- generates an electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers (atria) to contract. The signal then passes through the AV (atrioventricular) node to the lower heart chambers (ventricles), causing them to contract, or pump
- considered the pacemaker of the heart
SA (sinoatrial) node
causes the lower heart chambers (ventricles) to contract
AV (atrioventricular) node
- allows rapid propagation of action potentials across the entire myocardium
- enables the heart to contract and relax as a single unit (functional syncytium)
branched nature of cells and gap junctions
concentrated anteriorly on the head that monitors the external and internal environments
sense organs
Different types of sense organs
- exteroceptors
- mechanoreceptors
- chemoreceptors
- electroreceptors
- thermoreceptors
- receptors for radiation
exteroceptors
monitor the external environment
mechanoreceptors
- pressure
- vibrations
- direct contact
chemoreceptors
chemicals
electroreceptors
electrical
thermoreceptors
temperature
very deep touch/ pressure
pacinian corpuscles
light touch/ pressure
meissner’s corpuscles
