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2023 Systems Phys > Skeletal Muscle > Flashcards

Skeletal Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

Cyclically binds with myosin cross-bridges during contraction

A

Actin

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2
Q

Possess ATPase activity

A

Myosin

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3
Q

Supplies energy to the myosin cross-bridge, moving it into “cocked” position

A

ATP

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4
Q

Transmits action potentials to the interior of the muscle fiber

A

T-tubule

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5
Q

Stores Ca2+ w/in the muscle fiber

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

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6
Q

Binds troponin, causing the tropomyosin to shift out of its blocking position

A

Ca2+

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7
Q

Prevents the myosin heads from binding to actin when the muscle fiber is at rest

A

Tropomyosin

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8
Q

Required for detachment of the myosin heads from the actin filament

A

ATP

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9
Q

___ are the contraction specialists of the body

A

Muscles

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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11
Q

What does contraction of muscle allow?

A

Purposeful movement of the body in relation to the environment
Manipulation of external objects
Propulsion of contents through hollow organs
Empty the contents of organs to the environment

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12
Q

What is an example of muscles creating purposeful movement of the body in relation to the environment?

A

Skeletal muscle moves bone

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13
Q

What is an example of muscles propelling contents through hollow organs?

A

Blood moving through blood vessels

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14
Q

What is an example of muscles emptying an organ’s contents to the environment?

A

GI tract moving food through and then out

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15
Q

___ comprises the largest group of tissues in the body

A

Muscle

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16
Q

Muscle is approximately __ of body weight

A

1/2

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17
Q

Skeletal muscle makes of what percent of body weight in men? women?

A

40% in men
32% in women

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18
Q

There are approximately __ muscles in the adult human

A

660

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19
Q

Smooth and cardiac muscle make up __% of body weight

A

10%

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20
Q

Which muscle(s) are striated (orderl)?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac

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21
Q

Which muscle(s) are unstriated?

A

Smooth

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22
Q

Which muscle(s) are voluntary?

A

Skeletal

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23
Q

Which muscle(s) are involuntary?

A

Cardiac
Smooth

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24
Q

Voluntary muscle(s) are apart of the __ nervous system

A

Somatic

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25
Q

Involuntary muslcle(s) are apart of the __ nervous system

A

Autonomic

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26
Q

__ carry out the orders

A

Effector organs

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27
Q

The whole muscle is…

A

an organ

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28
Q

Define: Muscle fiber

A

a muscle cell
relatively large
multinucleated

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29
Q

Why are muscle fibers multinucleated?

A

to maintain high protein production of such a large cell

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30
Q

Define: Myofibril

A

intracellular strucure
80% of muscle fiber
a single filament in the muscle fiber

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31
Q

Define: Sarcomere

A

Z line to Z line
Functional unit of the muscle

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32
Q

Myofilaments are…

A

thick and thin filaments

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33
Q

What are the contractile proteins in a muscle?

A

actin and myosin

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34
Q

Tendons are made from…

A

connective tissue that extends past the muscle fiber

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35
Q

Define: Thick Filaments

A

several hundred myosin (heads and tails)

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36
Q

Myosin is made up of…

A

two identical subunits with heads and tails

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37
Q

The myosin ATPase site on a myosin head…

A

Binds and hydrolyzies ATP

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38
Q

The actin binding site on a myosin head…

A

binds actin

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39
Q

What forms the crossbridge?

A

myosin heads

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40
Q

What does the hinge connecting myosin heads to tails do?

A

it allows the head to pivot for contraction and relaxation

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41
Q

Define: Thin Filaments

A

Mostly actin (helix)

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42
Q

Define: G - Actin

A

Loose actin molecules

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43
Q

Define: F - Actin

A

Polymerized actin chain

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44
Q

Actin molecules have a binding site for…

A

attachment with myosin cross bridge head

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45
Q

Do actin and myosin actually contract?

A

No, the slide by each other

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46
Q

What are the regulatory proteins in thin filaments?

A

Tropomyosin
Troponin

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47
Q

What is the function of tropomyosin in thin filaments?

A

It covers the binding site and prevents actin and myosin from binding
prevents contraction

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48
Q

What is the function of troponin in thin filaments?

A

sits on tropomyosin

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49
Q

Sarcomere: A Band

A

thick and thin filaments that overlap
size doesn’t change

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50
Q

Where are thick filaments found?

A

only in the A band of the sarcomere

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51
Q

Sarcomere: Light Band

A

I Band

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52
Q

Sarcomere: Dark Band

A

A Band

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53
Q

Sarcomere: I Band

A

Remaining portion of thin filaments that are not included in A band
only thin filaments
shortens

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54
Q

Which portions of the sarcomere shorten during contraction?

A

I Band
H Zone

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55
Q

Which portions of the sarcomere remain the same length during contraction?

A

A Band

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56
Q

Sarcomere: Z Line

A

middle of I Band
stabilizes thin filament
entire sarcomere

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57
Q

Sarcomere: H Zone

A

Lighter area in middle of A Band
Thin filaments do not reach
only thick filaments
shortens

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58
Q

Sarcomere: M Line

A

mid point of sarcomere
stabilizes tick filament

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59
Q

What part of the sarcomere stabilizes thin filaments?

A

Z Line

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60
Q

What part of the sarcomere stabilizes thick filaments?

A

M Line

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61
Q

Muscle Sarcomere Mnemonic:

A

DArk band is A band
LIght band is I Band

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62
Q

Muscle Sarcomere Band order Mnemonic

A

From Z line working inward
Zee Intelligent Animal Has Muscle
Z Line I Band A Band H Zone M Line

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63
Q

In muscles, excitation leads to…

A

contraction

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64
Q

What occurs in the muscle during relaxation?

A

Ca2+ is absent in sarcoplasm
SERCA actively pumps Ca2+ into SR
Troponin and Tropomyosin cover Actin’s Binding Site

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65
Q

Are actin and myosin filaments able to attach during the resting state?

A

No

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66
Q

What occurs in the muscle cell during excitation?

A

Influx of Ca2+ into motor neuron

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67
Q

Define: Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

A

modified ER
consists of interconnecting tubules surrounding each myofibril like a mesh sleeve
Bring action potentials from surface to center of cell

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68
Q

Define: T-Tubule

A

invagination of plasma membrane that runs perpendicular to the surface and bring action potentials into the muscle fiber

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69
Q

What occurs when an Action Potential goes down a T-Tubule?

A

Dihydropyridine Receptors (DHPR) are activated

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70
Q

Normally, DPHR is…

A

a voltage-gated Ca2+ channel

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71
Q

In skeletal muscle, DHPR function as…

A

a voltage sensor

72
Q

What occurs in the muscle cell after DHPR is activated by an Action Potential?

A

It triggers the Ryanodine Receptor (RyR) to release intracellular Ca2+

73
Q

How does the RyR release Ca2+?

A

DHPR activates and causes RyR to shift and open, opening the SR and allowing Ca2+ to move into the sarcoplasm

74
Q

Does the DHPR or RyR occur first?

A

DHPR

75
Q

Steric Block Model: Muscle Relaxation

A

tropomyosin blocks myosin bindng site on actin

76
Q

Steric Block Model: Muscle Contraction

A

Ca2+ binds to troponin subunit C
Binding of Ca2+ causes troponin to change shape
Troponin-tropomyosin complex is pulled aside
Actin’s myosin binding site is uncovered
Myosin binds to actin

77
Q

What are the 3 subunits of troponin? What do they do?

A

T - sits on top of tropomyosin
C - binds calcium
I - Inhibits

78
Q

How does Ca2+ allow the troponin-tropomyosin complex to be physcially pulled aside?

A

Ca2+ changes the C subunit’s affinity for T and I subunits
results in the filament rolling anf allowing myosin to bind

79
Q

Before the Myosin Crossbridge links to the actin chain and during relaxation…

A

ATP is hydrolyzes by myosin ATPase
ADP and P remain attached to myosin
Energy is stored in myosin crossbridge (ready to be fired)

80
Q

Crossbridge Cycling

A

ATP is hydrolyzed by myosin ATPase
ADP and P attach to myosin (storing energy)
Ca2+ removes inhibitory influence
Energized myosin crossbridge binds to actin
Contact between actin and myosin causses a power stroke (pulls trigger)
ADP and P are released from crossbridge
Fresh ATP binds and breaks actin-myosin linkage (affinity for actin decreases)
ATP hydrolyzed -> conformational change of head

81
Q

What occurs if no fresh ATP is available after myosin and actin bind?

A

The remain contracted
Rigor Mortis
Contracted by no Fresh ATP to break it
3-12 hours after death

82
Q

How does the muscle return to resting state?

A

Neural excitation stops
AChase breaks down released ACh
Membrane no longer depolarizes
Muscle excitatin stops
DHPR channels close
Diffusion of Ca2+ out of SR stops
SERCA pumps Ca2+ out (no more Ca2+ is released)
Actin’s binding sites are covered
actin slides back into relaxed position away from center of sarcomere

83
Q

Black Widow Spider Venom

A

Alters Release of ACh
toxin can form pores in presynaptic membrane
explosive release of ACh
results in respiratory failure

84
Q

How does Black Widow Spider Venom cause respiratory failure?

A

Diaphragm can’t relax due to explosive release of ACh

85
Q

Clostridium Botulinum Toxin

A

Blocks release of ACh
interferes with share proteins
can result in respiratory failure
used as medicine

86
Q

What is Botox used to treat?

A

Chronic back pain due to muscle spasms
migraines

87
Q

Curare

A

Reverisbly binds to ACh receptor, blocking it from activating
antagonist
causes paralyzation and respiratory failure

88
Q

What are derivatives of curare used for?

A

to relax skeletal muscles during surgery

89
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

antibodies inactivate ACh receptor, blocking it

90
Q

What does the drug neostigmine do?

A

Short-term anti AChase
prevents ACh from breaking down
type of Myasthenia Gravis

91
Q

Organophosphates

A

Irreversibly inhibits AChase, preventing inactivation of ACh
results in respiratory failure

92
Q

Why do organophoshates resut in respiratory failure?

A

Diaphragm is unable to repolarize

93
Q

Which agents/diseases alter the release of ACh?

A

Black Widow Spider Venom
Clostridium Botulinum Toxin

94
Q

Which agents/diseases block ACh receptors?

A

Curare
Myasthenia

95
Q

Which agents/diseases prevent inactivation of ACh?

A

Organophosphates (certain pesticides and nerve gases)

96
Q

Which agents/diseases result in respiratory failure?

A

Black Widow Spider Venom
Clostridium Botulinum Toxin
Curare
Organophosphates

97
Q

How are synapses and neuromuscular junctins (NMJ) similar?

A

2 excitable cells seperated by a narrow cleft that prevents direct transmissionof electrical activity
Axon terminals store NT that are released by Ca2+-induced exocytsis of storae vesicles
Binding of NT with receptor opens membrane channels, permitting ionic movements that change membrane potential

98
Q

Define: Graded Potential

A

Resultant change in membrane potential causes by ionic movements through open membrane channels

99
Q

What prevents direct transmission of electrical activity in synapses and NMJs?

A

2 excitable cells separated by a narrow cleft

100
Q

What do axon terminals in synapses and NMJs store?

A

NTs that are released by Ca2+-induced exocytosis of storage vesicles

101
Q

What happens in synapses and NMJs when the NT binds with the receptor?

A

membrane channels open and allow ionic movements that change membrane potential

102
Q

Define: Synapse

A

A junction between 2 neurons
Excitatory (EPSP) or inhibitory (IPSP)

103
Q

Define: Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)

A

Exists between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber
always excitatory (EPP)

104
Q

What are the 3 energy systems of skeletal muscle?

A

Oxidative
Nonoxidative
Immediate

105
Q

Immediate energy system of skeletal muscle

A

Readily/immeiately available to support muscle contraction
ATPase, CK, or Myokinase

106
Q

Immediate energy system: ATPase

A

ATP + H2O -> ADP + Pi

107
Q

Immediate energy system: CK

A

CP + ADP -> ATP + Cr

108
Q

Immediate energy system: Myokinase

A

ADP + ADP -> ATP + AMP (recycler)

109
Q

What is the immediate energy system generally used for?

A

Burst/Power activities

110
Q

CK in the blood can indicate…

A

muscle damage

111
Q

Why is CP good for immediate energy?

A

CP is 5-6x ATP in resting muscle

112
Q

Nonoxidative energy system of skeletal muscle

A

breaks down glucose and glycogen without oxygen for energy utilizing Glycogenolysis and Glycolysis
rapid
oxygen is present but not involved
less efficient (more fuel/ATP needed)
Lactic acid builds up, decreasing performance and muscle pH

113
Q

How long does Nonoxidative energy last?

A

30s - 1 min

114
Q

How long does immediate energy last?

A

0-30s

115
Q

How do immediate and non oxidative energy sources compare to oxidative?

A

Immediate and nonoxidative energy sources combined provide only a fraction of the energy that oxidative metablism can

116
Q

Oxidative energy system of skeletal muscle

A

uses carbohydrates, fats, and certain amino acids for energy
slow
requires O2
highly efficient

117
Q

How long does it take the oxidative energy system to start?

A

1 min - 1 min 30s

118
Q

How many ATP are formed from Glycolysis?

A

Glucose -> 2 ATP

119
Q

How many ATP are formed from Oxidation of glucose?

A

Glucose -> 36 ATP

120
Q

How many ATP are formed from Oxidation of palmitate?

A

palmitate -> 129 ATP

121
Q

Which energy source is best for power?

A

immediate

122
Q

Which energy source is best for speed?

A

nonoxidative

123
Q

Which energy source is best for endurance?

A

oxidative

124
Q

Why is oxidative energy best for endurance?

A

it uses fuel from all over and lasts longer

125
Q

The speed of contraction is determined by…

A

the isoform of myosin ATPase

126
Q

Skeletal muscle fiber types are based on…

A

speed of contraction (myosin ATPase activity)
type of metabolic pathway -> ATP

127
Q

What are the 3 muscle fiber classifications?

A

Type 1 (slow twitch)
Type IIa (Fast Twitch a)
Type IIx (Fast Twitch x)

128
Q

Slow Twitch fibers

A

Type 1
Oxidative metabolism
used for walking and posture
fatigue resistant

129
Q

Fast Twitch a fiber

A

Type IIa
moderatly high ox capacity
high glycolytic capacity
not as common as Type I and Type IIx

130
Q

Fast Twitch x fiber

A

used for power
low oxidative capacity
highest glycolytic capacity

131
Q

Which fiber type makes up approximately 50% of fibers in the average muscle?

A

Type 1/Slow Twitch

132
Q

Which muscle is type 1 in everyone?

A

Soleus muscle

133
Q

Which fiber type makes up approximtely 25% of fibers in the average muscle?

A

Fast Twitch
Type IIa
Type IIx

134
Q

Which of the following is true about muscle fiber types?
A. the amount of fiber type varies from person to person
B. genetics can indicate fiber types
C. fiber types cannot be changed
D. all of the above

A

All of the above

135
Q

Define: Motor Unit

A

1 motor neuron + all the muscle fibers it innervates

136
Q

What occurs when a motor neuron is activated?

A

all of the fibers it supplies are stimulated to contract simultaneously

137
Q

What happens to motor units when stronger contractions occur?

A

more motor units are recruited

138
Q

How does motor unity recruitment alter force production?

A

different motor unit types will produce different forces

139
Q

What motor units are used to produce less force?

A

smaller motor units
Type I

140
Q

What motor units are used to produce more force

A

Large motor units
Type II

141
Q

Muscle with small motor units produce….

A

Precise, delicate movement

142
Q

What is an example of a muscle with smaller motor units?

A

Hand Muscles
a single motor unit can contain a dozen muscle fibers

143
Q

Muscles with larger motor units produce…

A

Powerful, coarse movements

144
Q

What is an example of a muscle with larger motor units?

A

Legs
A single motor unit contains 1,500 - 2,000 muscle fibers

145
Q

How does the CNS increase muscle force?

A

By activating additional motor units in the order of their increasing size, beginning with the smallest

146
Q

What is the recruitment order of muscle fibers?

A

Type I, TypeIIa, Type IIx

147
Q

What occurs first, neural adaptations or changes in muscle size?

A

neural adapatations

148
Q

Early gains in strength are due to…

A

neural factors - which optimize recruitment patterns

149
Q

Later gains in strength are due to…

A

increasing cross-sectional area (hypertrophy is important)

150
Q

What does the force exterted by a single muscle depend on?

A

what you pick up
less force is required to pick of a piece of paper
more force is required to pick up a 50lb. weight

151
Q

What factors determine variation of muscle force?

A

The number of muscle fibers contracting w/in a muscle
The tension developed by each contracting fiber

152
Q

The number of muscle fibers contracting w/in a muscle is determined by…

A

Number of motor units recruited
Size of the motor units

153
Q

The tension developed by each contracting fiber is determined by…

A

The frequency of stimulation
The length-tension relationshiip

154
Q

How does the frequency of stimulation effect the tension developed by a contracting fiber?

A

Reptitive stimulation -> contractions of longer duration and greater tension

155
Q

Single twitch stimulation

A

Fiber completely relaxes before next AP

156
Q

Twitch summation stimulation

A

Fiber stimulated a 2nd time before it has relaxed -> greater tension
possible because AP = 1-2 ms

157
Q

Tetanus stimulation

A

Fiber stimulated so rapidly there is no relaxation

158
Q

What is the length-tension relationship of a muscle?

A

The relationship between inital length and tension can be explained by the number of crossbridges that can be formed during the contraction

159
Q

How do muscle length and tension affect each other?

A

The length of a muscle before contraction affects the amount of tension the muscle can generate

160
Q

Length-Tension Relationship: Smallest sarcomere length and Lowest Force

A

Decreased number of actin sites exposed to crossbridges
Thick filaments forced vs.Z lines

161
Q

Length-Tension Relationship: Maximal Force

A

Optimal amount of overlap between thick and thin filaments

162
Q

Length-Tension Relationship: Force begining to decrease

A

Actin sites and crossbridges no longer match up

163
Q

Length-Tension Relationship: Longest Sarcomere length but Lowest Force

A

Muscle stretched to 70% longer than I0
No crossbridge activity
no contraction

164
Q

What determines the extent of fatigue of a fiber?

A

Duration of activity
Amount of asynchronous recruitment of motor units
Type of fiber (fatigue-resistant oxidative vs. fatigue-prone glycolytic)

165
Q

What determines the thickness of a fiber?

A

Type of Fiber
Pattern of neural activity
Amount of testosterone

166
Q

How does fiber type affect fiber thickness?

A

Type I/oxidative have a smaller diameter than large diameter glycolytic fibers

167
Q

How does pattern of neural activity affect muscle thickness?

A

Hypertrophy (w/ stimulation) vs. atrophy (no stimulation)

168
Q

What are the types of muscle contraction?

A

Isometric
Isotonic

169
Q

Define: Isometric (static) contraction

A

Muscle produces force but does not change length
Joint angle does not change
Myosin cross-bridges for and recycle, no sliding

170
Q

Define: Isotonic (dynamic) contraction

A

Muscle produces force and changes length
Joint movement produced

171
Q

What does it mean if a muscle has static contraction?

A

It’s length stays the same throughout contraction

172
Q

What does it mean if a muscle has dynamic contraction?

A

The muscle length changes but its tension stays the same

173
Q

What are the two subtypes of Isotonic Contraction?

A

Concentric Contraction
Eccentric Contraction

174
Q

Define: Concentric Contraction

A

Muscle shortens while producing force
most familiar type of contraction
sarcomere shorten, filaments slide toward center

175
Q

Define: Eccentric Contraction

A

Muscle lenthens while producing force
Cross-bridges form but sarcomere lengthens

176
Q

What is an example of eccentric contraction?

A

lowering a heavy weight

2023 Systems Phys (41 decks)

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