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2023 Systems Phys > Cardiac - Muscle - Autonomics - Important Terms > Flashcards

Cardiac - Muscle - Autonomics - Important Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

stretch, sound waves

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2
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

Solute concentration

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3
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Specific chemicald (smell, taste, O2, CO2, glc, aa, fats)

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4
Q

Antagonistic Dual Innervation

A

actions of the SNS and PSNS counteract each other
can work on same or different cells

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5
Q

Complementary Dual Innervation

A

Actions produce similar effects

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6
Q

Cooperative Dual Innervation

A

actions produce different effects that work together to produce desired effect

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7
Q

Parasympathetic Tone

A

Parasympathetic nervous system dominates in dual innervation

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8
Q

Sympathetic Tone

A

Sympathetic nervous system dominates in dual innervation

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9
Q

Sympathetic Vasomotor Tone

A

a base firing frequency of sympathetics

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10
Q

Muscarinic Receptor (mAChR)

A

Autonomic NT receptor
Binds GTP
Slower

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11
Q

Metabotropic Receptors

A

G Protein-Coupled Receptor
slower
a lot of metabolic steps
bind GTP
muscarinic receptor

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12
Q

Ionotropic Receptor

A

Ligand-gated ion channel
Faster
nicotinic

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13
Q

Single Unit Smooth Muscle

A

only a few muscle fibers innervated in each group
stimulatd together, contract together

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14
Q

Slow Wave Potentials

A

coordinate muscle contractions in the gut by controlling the appearance of a second type of depolarizing event

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15
Q

Multiunit Smooth Muscle

A

neurogenic
requiring stimulation by autonomic nerves

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16
Q

Singleunit smooth muscle

A

myogenic
able to initiate its own contraction w/o any external influence due to automatic shifts in ion fluxes

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17
Q

Sarcomere: Light Band

A

I Band

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18
Q

Sarcomere: Dark Band

A

A Band

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19
Q

Sarcomere: I Band

A

Remaining portion of thin filaments that are not included in A band
only thin filaments
shortens

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20
Q

Sarcomere: Z Line

A

middle of I Band
stabilizes thin filament
entire sarcomere

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21
Q

Sarcomere: H Zone

A

Lighter area in middle of A Band
Thin filaments do not reach
only thick filaments
shortens

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22
Q

Sarcomere: M Line

A

mid point of sarcomere
stabilizes tick filament

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23
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

A

modified ER
consists of interconnecting tubules surrounding each myofibril like a mesh sleeve
Bring action potentials from surface to center of cell

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24
Q

T-Tubule

A

invagination of plasma membrane that runs perpendicular to the surface and bring action potentials into the muscle fiber

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25
Q

Black Widow Spider Venom

A

Alters Release of ACh
toxin can form pores in presynaptic membrane
explosive release of ACh
results in respiratory failure

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26
Q

Clostridium Botulinum Toxin

A

Blocks release of ACh
interferes with share proteins
can result in respiratory failure
used as medicine

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27
Q

Curare

A

Reverisbly binds to ACh receptor, blocking it from activating
antagonist
causes paralyzation and respiratory failure

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28
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

antibodies inactivate ACh receptor, blocking it

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29
Q

Organophosphates

A

Irreversibly inhibits AChase, preventing inactivation of ACh
results in respiratory failure

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30
Q

Graded Potential

A

Resultant change in membrane potential causes by ionic movements through open membrane channels

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31
Q

Synapse

A

A junction between 2 neurons
Excitatory (EPSP) or inhibitory (IPSP)

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32
Q

Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)

A

Exists between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber
always excitatory (EPP)

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33
Q

Slow Twitch fibers

A

Type 1
Oxidative metabolism
used for walking and posture
fatigue resistant

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34
Q

Fast Twitch a fiber

A

Type IIa
moderatly high ox capacity
high glycolytic capacity
not as common as Type I and Type IIx

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35
Q

Fast Twitch x fiber

A

used for power
low oxidative capacity
highest glycolytic capacity

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36
Q

Motor Unit

A

1 motor neuron + all the muscle fibers it innervates

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37
Q

Isometric (static) contraction

A

Muscle produces force but does not change length
Joint angle does not change
Myosin cross-bridges for and recycle, no sliding

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38
Q

Isotonic (dynamic) contraction

A

Muscle produces force and changes length
Joint movement produced

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39
Q

Concentric Contraction

A

Muscle shortens while producing force
most familiar type of contraction
sarcomere shorten, filaments slide toward center

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40
Q

Eccentric Contraction

A

Muscle lenthens while producing force
Cross-bridges form but sarcomere lengthens

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41
Q

Muscle Fibers

A

long, cylindrical, multinucleated muscle cells

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42
Q

Saromere

A

an ordered arrangement of thick and thin filaments

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43
Q

Neurogenic

A

only contracts when externally stimulated by a nerve

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44
Q

steric inhibition

A

troponin-tropomyosin complex slips back into its blocking position

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45
Q

Sliding filament mechanism

A

the relationship between the length of the muscle and the tension it can develop

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46
Q

Optimal Length

A

active force generated is maximal

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47
Q

Immediate ATP pathway for contraction

A

high energy phosphates from stored creatine phosphate

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48
Q

Non-oxidative pathways muscles obtain ATP for contraction

A

synthesize ATP w/o O2 and uses glycogen stores and generates lactic acid
ex: glycogenolysis and glycolysis

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49
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation pathway muscles use to obtain ATP for contraction

A

efficiently extracts large amounts of ATP from nutrient molecules but requires suffiecent O2

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50
Q

Right Heart

A

Volume Pump
Delievers high volumes of blood at low pressures

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51
Q

Pulmonary Vessels

A

Function in blood-gas exchange and serve as volume reservoirs

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52
Q

Left Heart

A

Pressure Pump
The energy source for the circulatory system

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53
Q

Elastic Arteries (Aorta)

A

Their basic behavior allows them to serve as a “surge pump”
Energy is stored in the elastic fibers during the contraction phase(systole) and released during the relaxation phase (diastole)

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54
Q

Systole

A

Contraction Phase
Ventricles contracted
Tricuspid and Mitral Valves closed
Pulmonic and Aortic Valves open
Increased Ca2+ in cell

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55
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxatio Phase
Ventricle Relaxation
Tricuspid and Mitral valves open
Pulmonic and Aortic Valves closed
Decreased Ca2+ in cell

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56
Q

Muscular Arteries

A

Function as low resistance conduits that rapidly deliver blood to the tissues

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57
Q

Arterioles

A

Collectively termed “resistance vessels”
Serve as resistors that regulate the flow of blood into capillary beds

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58
Q

Capillaries

A

One cell layer separates blood from tissue space
Site of nutrent and waste exchange

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59
Q

Venous Vessels

A

Serve as volume reservior
These vessels function in both the storage and mobilizatio of blood

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60
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

Blood flows through lungs

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61
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

Blood flows through all organs of the body except lungs

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62
Q

Systemic Circulation: Arterials

A

LV to Capillaries
High Pressure
Low Volume

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63
Q

Systemic Circulation: Venous

A

Low Pressure
High Volume
High Compliance

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64
Q

Epicardium

A

Outer muscle layer in the heart

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65
Q

Edocardium

A

Inner muscle layer in the heart

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66
Q

Pulmonary Capillary Wedge

A

Estimation of LA pressure

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67
Q

Endothelium Derived Relaxing Factor (EDRF)

A

Relaxation
Nitric Oxide
Vasodilater

68
Q

Endothelin

A

Vasoconstrictor

69
Q

Endothelial Cells

A

Line the cardiovascular system
produce vasodilators and vasoconstrictors

70
Q

Cardiac Output

A

CO = HR x SV

71
Q

Cardiac Muscle Action Potential: Phase 0

A

Threshold ~ -65 mV
Fast Na+ channels open
Na+ permeability is high
K+ permeability is low
Membrane potential becomes positive

72
Q

Cardiac Muscle Action Potential: Phase 1

A

Fast Na+ Channel inactivation

73
Q

Cardiac Muscle Action Potential: Phase 2

A

Voltage-Gated Ca2+ channels open
Fast Na+ channels reopen (Na+ moves in with Ca2+ slowly)
Ca2+ increases in cell, pemeability increases
K+ decreases in cell
Membrane Voltage is constant

74
Q

Cardiac Muscle Action Potential: Phase 3

A

More K+ channels open
Na+ and Ca2+ Channels close

75
Q

Cardiac Muscle Action Potential: Phase 4

76
Q

Tetradotoxin

A

Blocks Fast Na+ Channels

77
Q

Dilitiazem

A

Ca2+ Channel Blocker
Blocks L-Type Calcium Channels
Shortens Phase 2
Decreases contraction force

78
Q

Absolute Refractory Period (ARP)

A

During this period, no stimulus can elicit an action potential
Prevents another AP from being fired off before cardiac muscle contraction finishes
Protects the heart from Tetanus

79
Q

Relative Refractory Period (RRP)

A

An action potential can be elicited but it would require greater than normal stimulus

80
Q

Super Normal Period (SNP)

A

Stimulus of less strength can stimulate cell and generate an action potential
Action potentials propagate slowly

81
Q

Overdrive Suppresion

A

Ensures that dominate packemaker suppresses the other pacemaker

82
Q

SA Node

A

Dominate Pacemaker
Determines rate an AP propagates around the heart

83
Q

AV Node

A

Takes over if the SA Node fails as a pacemaker
Slowest conduction velocity

84
Q

SA Node Action Potential: Phase 0

A

Increase in Ca2+ Permeability

85
Q

SA Node Action Potential: Phase 4

A

Less negative at RMP
Less K+ permeability at RMP
RMP gradually depolarizes over time

86
Q

Reentry

A

Occurs when an excitation wave reexcites some region through which it has recently passed
circuits can eithe rbe random or ordered

87
Q

Procaine

A

Reduces irritability of the cardiac muscle
used in ventricular arrhythmias
slows opening of Na+ gates, reduces depolarization current, and slows conductin from cell to cell

88
Q

Quinidine

A

Used in treatment of atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia
slows opening of Na+ gates, reduces depolarization current, and slows conductin from cell to cell

89
Q

Reduced Refactory Periods

A

Periods of time during an action potential when cardiac excitability is reduced

90
Q

Full Recovery Time (FRT)

A

The interval between depolarization and recovery of normal resting excitability
A normal action potential with normal speed propagation can generate

91
Q

AN Zone

A

Transitional Zone
Cell types in this region are a mixture of atrial and nodal fibers interspersed with connective tissue

92
Q

N Zone

A

Middle portion of the AV Node

93
Q

N-H Zone

A

Transitional Zone
Nodal fibers gradually merge with fibers from te Bundle of His

94
Q

Preload

A

Force present in relaxed muscle
Stretch that’s placed on a muscle (LV) prior to contraction
Resting Length
Determined by EDV

95
Q

End Diastolic Volume (EDV)

A

Volume present in ventricle prior to contraction

96
Q

Afterload

A

The force a muscle has to overcome to shorten
The force exerted by a shortening muscle
Tension or stretch in the wall of the LV just before the aortic valve opens
Related to aortic pressure

97
Q

Frank-Starling Relationship

A

Length-dependent change of cardiac function
Increase Preload -> Increase CO up to the optimal length

98
Q

Contractility

A

Change in cardiac function not related to length
Vaiable state of muscle performance at a given muscle length
Performance of the heart at a given preload and afterload

99
Q

Contractility determined by dP/dt

A

Measure of the rate of pessure development

100
Q

Positive Chronotrope

A

Increase Heart Rate
NE and EPI

101
Q

Negative Chronotrope

A

Decrease Heart Rate
ACh

102
Q

Positive Inotrope

A

Increase Contractility -> Increase SV
NE, EPI

103
Q

Negativev Inotrope

A

Decrease Contractillity -> Decrease SV -> ACh

104
Q

Ejection Fraction

A

Percent of blood ejected from your heart (LV) with each beat
EF = SV/EDV

105
Q

Cadiac Cycle

A

All events that occur in a beat

106
Q

Atrial Systole

A

LA and LV pressure are about equal
Blood moves from Atria to Ventricle
Atrial pressure increases

107
Q

Isovolumic Contraction

A

Mitral/Tricuspid Valves closed
LV contracts
LV pressure increases
Aortic/Pulmonary Valve opens

108
Q

Rapid Ejection

A

Blood ejected from LV to Aorta

109
Q

Reduced Ejection

A

Blood moves away from heart
LV starts to relax, pressure decreases
Ejected full SV

110
Q

Isovolumiv Relaxation

A

Aortic/Pulmonary valves close
LV Pressure drastically decreases

111
Q

Rapid Ventricular Filling

A

Mitral/Tricuspid Valves open
Atrial pressure is higher than LV

112
Q

Reduced Ventricular Filling

113
Q

LVEDV

A

Max volume in ventricle prior to contraction -> preload

114
Q

Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure

A

Approximate measurement of LV pressure

115
Q

Hypertrophic

A

Less volume in the chamber

116
Q

Pressure

A

Force produced by LV and RV when contracting
Force in a fluid system

117
Q

Blood Pessure

A

Pressure inside artery during contraction

118
Q

Transmural Pressure

A

Pressure across the wall

119
Q

Compliance

A

relates to any hollow organ
depends on how stretchy the hollow organ is
Lower volume = higher compliance

120
Q

Q

A

Volume Flow

121
Q

v

A

Velocity Flow

122
Q

Resistance

A

In the cardiovascular system can be calculated as the change in pressure (mmHg) divided by the flow in mL/min or L/min
Caused by venoconstriction

123
Q

Resistance Effect

A

Pressure between resistors and LV
Flow from arterioles to capillaries

124
Q

Viscosity

A

The difficulty in seperating lamina of flow
Increase viscosity, increase flow
The internal friction of a fluid which opposes the separation of its laminae
A force must be applied to overcome this

125
Q

Hematocrit

A

Percent volume of RBC’s in Blood

126
Q

r^4

A

Changing radius of arterioles

127
Q

Pulse Pressure (PP)

A

Systole - Diastole
Effected directly by SV and inversly by Aortic Compliance

128
Q

Total Periperal Resistance (TPR)

A

Description of whether vessels are constricted or dilated
Increase constriction -> increase TPR

129
Q

Autoregulation

A

The intrinsic ability of an orga to aintain blood flow constance depsite changes in perfusion pressure

130
Q

Autoregulatory Range

A

Area where pressure increases but fow stays constant
resistance increases

131
Q

Hyperemia

A

Increased blood flow

132
Q

Active Hyperemia

A

Active increase in blood flow during increase in metabolic activity

133
Q

Reactive Hyperemia

A

Increased blood flow in response to a period of decreased (or interupption of) blood flow

134
Q

Flow-induced Vasodilation

A

Blood flowing through the vessel causes vasodilation

135
Q

Endothelial Sheer Stress

A

Spatial gradient of blood velocity sensed vy endotheliaol cell layer
changes based on location in the system

136
Q

Angiotensin II

A

potent vasoconstrictor

137
Q

Kinase II

A

ACE
Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

138
Q

ANP/ANF

A

Vasodilator
Increases Na+ excretion

139
Q

Adenosine

A

Balancs oxygen supply and demand
Vasodilator

140
Q

Baroreceptor Reflex

A

Helps regulate sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation to vasculature
stretch receptors

141
Q

Afferent Barorecptors

A

Periphery to CNS

142
Q

Efferent Baroreceptors

A

CNS to periphery

143
Q

Vasomotor Tone

A

Partial state of contraction in blood vessel caused by continuous slow firing of neurons
Tonic neural activity always present in sympathetic efferent fibers from the pressor centers in the medulla

144
Q

Baroreceptors

A

They are sensors that function as mechanoreceptors and respond to changes in length (stretch) of theh vessel wall)

145
Q

Cardiopulmonary Baroreceptors

A

Located in the atria, ventricles, andn pulmonary vessels
Stretch receptors that are important in regulation of heart rate, blood pressure, and blood volume

146
Q

Microcirculation

A

All vessels less than 100 um in diameter
including; arterioles, capillaries, and venules

147
Q

Metarterioles

A

branch from arterioles and give rise to capillaries or serve as bypass channels to the venules

148
Q

Vasomotion

A

The variation in flow rate in the capillaries due to contraction and relaxation of precapillary vessels

149
Q

Nutrient Flow

A

Blood flows through the capillaries which provides for exchange of nutrients and metabolites

150
Q

Non-nutrient flow

A

Shunt
The blood flow bypasses the capillaries and passes directly from arterioles to venules
True shunts exist in areas of the body like the fingertips

151
Q

Exchange Vessels

A

any vessel that permits bidirectional tranpsort across its wall

152
Q

Flow limited diffusion

A

For small miolecules less than 60,000 molecular weight, theh primary limiation to diffusion nacross the capillary wall is the rate of delivery of the substance in the blood flow

153
Q

Diffusion limited diffusion (transport)

A

Diffusion can be limited by either the size of the milecule or the diffusion distance between the capillary and the parenchymal cell.
In this condition, even at high rates of flow, diffusion becomes the limiting factor

154
Q

Ultrafiltrate

A

Plasma which has been seperated from its large molecular weight proteins (colloids)

155
Q

Bulk Flow (Ultrafiltration)

A

Exchange vessels behave as highly porus filters which allow bulk flow of plasma water and dissolved crystalloids (electrolytes and glucose) but essentially prevents the movement of plasma proteins
Two-directional process
One of the means by which plasma volume is regulated

156
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

the principle force favoring filtration across the capillary wall

157
Q

Osmotic (oncotic) pressure

A

the main force opposingn filtration exerted by plasma proteins
related to the negative chareg on albumin and its ability to interact with other osmotically active particles

158
Q

Pc

A

Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure

159
Q

Pi

A

Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

160
Q

Pip

A

Plasma protein oncotic pressure

161
Q

PiI

A

Interstitial fluid oncotic pressure

162
Q

k

A

FIltration constant for the capillary membrane\

163
Q

Dynamic Center (Equilibrium Point)

A

The point where there is no net movement of fluid in the capillary

164
Q

Edema

A

Abnormal increase in the volume of interstitial fluid in a tissue or organ

165
Q

Hypoproteinemia

A

reduced plasma protein

166
Q

Hypoalbuminemia

A

Decreased plasma oncotic pressure

2023 Systems Phys (41 decks)

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